Biomics

Праймеры являются очень важным компонентом ПЦР, поскольку специфичность амплификации зависит в первую очередь от них. Хотя на эффективность ПЦР влияет много факторов, но и праймеры вносят немалый вклад в этот процесс. В данном обзоре уделено значительное внимание принципам подбора праймеров и требованиям, предъявляемым при их дизайне, проводимым с использованием соответствующих компьютерных программ. Рассмотрены вопросы элиминации праймерных димеров, а также термодинамики дуплексных структур ДНК и их температур плавления, во многом зависящим не только от GC-состава, но и от стэкинг-взаимодействий соседних нуклеотидов. Показана применимость NN модели термодинамики ДНК для определения температур плавления и отжига праймеров. Приведены различные формулы подсчета этих температур. Отдельно рассмотрены так называемые вырожденные праймеры, праймеры с экстрапоследовательностями на 5'-конце, модифицированные и дискриминирующие праймеры. Не остались без внимания вопросы химического и ферментативного синтеза олигонуклеотидов, включившие также исторические аспекты.

ПЦР, праймер, ДНК, олигонуклеотид, химический синтез олигонуклеотидов, термодинамика, стэкинг-взаимодействие, соседние нуклеотиды, NN модель, 5’-конец, 3’-конец, температура плавления, температура отжига, дизайн праймеров, компьютерные программы

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