Biomics

Phenazines are heterocyclic nitrogen containing secondary metabolites widely distributed among bacteria and exhibiting diverse biological functions — from antimicrobial activity to involvement in electron transfer. The chemical core of phenazines is based on a bicyclic system in which two benzene rings are linked via two nitrogen atoms. To date, more than 150 natural phenazines and over 6,000 synthetic derivatives are known, each with a wide range of bioactivities, including antimicrobial, antitumor, hypotensive, neuroprotective, antiparasitic, and other activities. Phenazines represent a valuable natural resource for drug discovery, owing to the possibility of modifying the position and types of functional groups in the molecule — features that ultimately determine the chemical, physical, and biological properties of novel phenazines. Although enzymes involved in methylation, hydroxylation, glycosylation, and isoprenylation of the phenazine core have been studied, many questions remain regarding reactions such as dimerization, halogenation, and the biosynthesis of safenic acid — for which key enzymes have yet to be identified. This review summarizes current knowledge on: the biosynthesis of phenazines and its genetic basis; the role of these secondary metabolites in plant microbial communities and pathogenesis; methods for their detection; applications in biotechnology and pharmacology. In addition, the existing problems of obtaining new phenazine derivatives and promising directions for future research are discussed.

phenazine biosynthesis, secondary bacterial metabolites, antimicrobial activity, antitumor activity, electron exchange, phenazine, pyocyanin, phz operon

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