Biomics

In the 1960s, at the Vavilov All-Union Institute of Plant Industry (VIR, currently the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources), under the leadership of Vasily Grigorievich Konarev, the studies on the biochemical composition, heterogeneity, and polymorphism of seed storage proteins of main agricultural crops have been initiated. The researches of the Laboratory of Protein and Nucleic Acids (later the Department of Molecular Biology) formed the basis for the development of molecular markers and were continued by V.G. Konarev's disciples in many countries. The review article summarizes information on the composition and properties of sunflower seed protein fraction and the problems for their practical use. The main results of theoretical and applied studies on 11S globulin (helianthinin) and 2S albumins are discussed. Information on the heterogeneity, polymorphism, and genetic control of sunflower seed storage proteins is presented, and prospects for investigations are discussed. The current research areas include elucidating the genetic mechanisms controlling protein accumulation in seeds and the role of environmental and genotypic factors, particularly in relation to the issue of heterosis. Information on the molecular basis of heterogeneity and polymorphism of individual components of the protein fraction is important for understanding the functioning of the sunflower genome. Currently, these problems can be addressed using structural and functional genomics, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses.

Helianthus annuus, sunflower, 11S globulin (helianthinin), 2S albumins, genetic control, functional properties, nutritional value

1. Achour J, Guinot M, Guillon B et al. Sensitization potency of sunflower seed protein in a mouse model: Identification of 2S-albumins more allergenic than SFA-8. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2021. 65(18). e DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100369
2. Agy MSFA, Oliveira RL, Ribeiro CVDM et al. Sunflower cake from biodiesel production fed to crossbred Boer kids. R Bras Zootec. 41. 123-130. DOI: 10.1590/S1516-35982012000100019
3. Aksyonov I. Control of genetic purity of parental lines of sunflower by allelic variants of electrophoretic spectra of seed storage proteins. Cell Biol. 2025. 13(2). 37-44. DOI: 10.11648/j.cb.20251302.12
4. Alagawany M, Farag MR, Abd El-Hack ME et al. The practical application of sunflower meal in poultry nutrition. Adv Anim Vet Sci. 2015. 3. 634-648. DOI: 10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.12.634.648
5. Allen RD, Nessler CL, Thomas TL. Developmental expression of sunflower 11S storage protein genes. Plant Mol Biol. 1985. 5. 165-173. DOI: DOI: 10.1007/BF00015680
6. Allen RD, Cohen EA, Vonder Haar RA et al Sequence and expression of a gene encoding an albumin storage protein in sunflower. Mol Gen Genet. 1987. 210. 211-218. DOI: 10.1007/BF00325686
7. Anashchenko AV. Phylogenetic relations in the genus Helianthus Bull Appl Bot Genet Plant Breed. 1979. 64. 146-156. [In Russian]
8. Anashchenko AV, Gavrilyuk IP. Immunochemical analysis of species of genus Helianthus Dokladi VASKHNIL. 1979. (70). 17-19. [In Russian]
9. Anisimova IN. Asteraceae seed proteins: heterogeneity, polymorphism, utilization in breeding and genetic studies (review). Agrarnaya Rossiya = Agrarian Russia. 2015. (11). 27-35. [In Russian]
10. Anisimova IN. Genome analysis in genus Helianthus Genetika. 1984. 20(21). 1925-1933. [In Russian]
11. Anisimova IN, Alpatieva NV, Goryunova SV et al. Structural variability of sunflower gene for methionine-rich albumin SFA8. Proc Appl Bot Genet Breed. 179(4). 91-103. [In Russian]
12. Anisimova IN, Gavrilyuk IP. Heterogeneity and polymorphism of 11S globulin in sunflower seeds. Genetika. 1989. 25(7). 1215-1233). [In Russian]
13. Anisimova IN, Gavriljuk IP, Konarev VG. Identification of sunflower lines and varieties by helianthinin electrophoresis. Plant Varieties and Seeds. 1991. (4). 133-141.
14. Anisimova IN, Georgieva-Todorova J, Vassileva R. Variability of the major seed globulin in the genus Helia. 1993. 16(18). 49-58.
15. Anisimova IN, Fido RJ, Tatham AS et al. Genotypic variation and polymorphism of 2S albumins of sunflower. Euphytica. 1995. 83. 15-23. DOI: 10.1007/BF01677856
16. Anisimova IN, Konarev AV, Gavrilova VA et al. Polymorphism and inheritance of methionine-rich 2S albumins in sunflower. Euphytica. 2003. 129. 99-107. DOI: 10.1023/A:1021562712945
17. Anisimova IN, Gavrilova VA, Loskutov AV et al. Polymorphism and inheritance of seed storage protein in sunflower. Russ J Genet. 2004. 40(9). 995-1002. DOI: 10.1023/B:RUGE.0000041378.51180.0b
18. Badouin H, Gouzy J, Grassa C et al. The sunflower genome provides insights into oil metabolism, flowering and Asterid evolution. 2017. 546. 148-152. doi: 10.1038/nature22380
19. Banjac VV, Čolović RR, Vukmirović DM et al. Protein enrichment of sunflower meal by air classification. Food Feed Res. 40(2). 77-83.
20. Baudet J, Mosse J. Fractionation of sunflower seed proteins. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1977. 54, A82-A86. DOI: 10.1007/BF02912378
21. Baute GJ, Kane NC, Grassa CJ et al. Genome scans reveal candidate domestication and improvement genes in cultivated sunflower, as well as post-domestication introgression with wild relatives. New Phytol. 206(2). 830-838. DOI: 10.1111/nph.13255
22. Berwanger E, Nunes RV, Pozza PC et al. Nutritional and energy values of sunflower cake for broilers. Semina: Ciênc Agrár. 35. 3429-3438. DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2014v35n6p3429
23. Blackman BK, Scascitelli M, Kane NC et al. Sunflower domestication alleles support single domestication center in eastern North America. Natl. Acad Sci. USA. 2011. 108(34). 14360-14365. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1104853108
24. Burnett GR, Rigby NM, Mills EN et al. Characterization of the emulsification properties of 2S albumins from sunflower seed. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2002. 247(1). 177-185. DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2001.8093
25. Chapman MA, Mandel JR, Burke JM. Sequence validation of candidates for selectively important genes in sunflower. PLoS ONE. 2013. 8(8). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071941
26. Chmeleva ZV, Zaharova NS, Anashchenko AV. Characteristics of the sunflower collection by protein, essential amino acid and oil content in the nucleus. Proc Appl Bot Genet Breed. 1981. 70(2). 120-128. [In Russian]
27. D'yakov AB. Oil content of sunflower seeds. Sunflower. Ed. V.S. Pustovoit. M. Kolos. 1975. 103-118. [In Russian]
28. D’yakov AB. Features of the environmental covariance of sunflower productivity with oil content and protein content of seeds. Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Oilseeds. 1984. (86). 29-33. [In Russian]
29. Dalgalarrondo M, Raymond J, Azanza JL. Sunflower seed proteins: characterization and subunit composition of the globulin fraction. J Exp Botany. 1984. 35(160). 1618-1628.
30. Dauguet S, Labalette F, Fine F et al. Genetic impact on protein content and hullability of sunflower seeds, and on the quality of sunflower meal. OCL. 2016. 23(2). DOI: 10.1051/ocl/2016003
31. da Silva Oliveira V, Barbosa AM, de Andrade EA et al. Sunflower cake from the biodiesel Industry in the diet improves the performance and carcass traits of Nellore young bulls. Animal 2022. 12. 3243. DOI: 10.3390/ani12233243
32. de Oliveira Filho JG, Egea MB. Sunflower seed byproduct and its fractions for food application: An attempt to improve the sustainability of the oil process. J Food Sci. 2021. 86. 1497-1510. DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15719
33. de Morais Oliveira VR, de Arruda AMV, Silva LNS et al. Sunflower meal as a nutritional and economically viable substitute for soybean meal in diets for free-range laying hens. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2016. 220. 103-108. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.07.015
34. Domoroshchenkova ML, Demyanenko TF, Krylova IV et al. The protein potential of sunflower seeds. Studies of the processes of obtaining food proteins from sunflower meal. Bulletin of VNIIZH. 2020. (1-2). 24-29. DOI: 10.25812/VNIIG.2020.90.45.002 [In Russian]
35. Ebrahimi A, Maury P, Berger M et al. QTL mapping of protein content and seed characteristics under water-stress conditions in sunflower. Genome. 2009. 52(5). 419-430. DOI: 10.1139/g09-020.
36. Eggi EE, Aleksandrova TG, Konarev AlV. Identification of vetch species of the genus Vicia by the composition of the 11S globulin basic polypeptides of seeds using the example of the V. narbonensis complex and V. pannonica Crantz). Plant Biotechnology and Breeding. 2025. 8(1). 33-45. DOI: 10.30901/2658-6266-2025-1-o1. [In Russian]
37. Elliott AG, Delay C, Liu H et al. Evolutionary origins of a bioactive peptide buried within preproalbumin. Plant Cell. 2014. 26(3). 981–995. DOI:10.1105/tpc.114.123620
38. Fick GN, Miller JF. Sunflower Breeding. In: A.A.Schneiter (ed.). Sunflower technology and production. Soil Science Society of America. 1997. 395-440.
39. Franke B, Colgrave ML, Mylne JS et al. Mature forms of the major seed storage albumins in sunflower: A mass spectrometric approach. J Proteom. 2016. 147. 177-186. DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.05.004
40. Gaponova LV, Gavrilova VA, Polezhaeva TA et al. Sunflower and its use in waste-free processing technology for the production of therapeutic preventive and baby nutrition. Vestnik VGUIT. 2021. 83(4). 181-189. DOI: 10.20914/2310-1202-2021-4-181-189). [In Russian]
41. Gavrilova VA, Anisimova NI. Genealogy of the sunflower lines created on the basis of Russian varieties. Helia. 2017. 40(67). 133-146. DOI: 10.1515/helia-2017-0025
42. Gavrilova VA, Anisimova IN. Genetics of cultivated plants. Sunflower. St. Petersburg: VIR, 2003. 186 p. [In Russian]
43. Giarola S, Mittal S, Vielle M et al. Challenges in the harmonisation of global integrated assessment models: A comprehensive methodology to reduce model response heterogeneity. Sci Total Environ. 2021. 783. 146861. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146861
44. González-Pérez S. Sunflower Proteins. In: Sunflower proteins. Sunflower: Chemistry, production, processing, and utilization. E.Martínez-Force, N.T.Dunford, J.Salas
45. González-Pérez S, Vereijken JM. Sunflower proteins: overview of their physicochemical, structural and functional properties. J Sci Food Agric. 2007. 2172-2191. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.2971
46. González-Pérez S. Sunflower Proteins. In: Sunflower proteins. Sunflower: Chemistry, production, processing, and utilization. E.Martínez-Force, N.T.Dunford, J.Salas. AOCS Press. 2015. 331-393. DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-893997-94-3.50018-0
47. Gubareva NK, Gavrilyuk IP, Konarev AV. Identification of crop varieties by the electrophoretic spectra of reserve proteins. Agrarnaya Rossiya = Agrarian Russia. 2015. (11). 21-27. [In Russian]
48. Guéguen J, Popineau Y, Anisimova IN et al. Functionality of the 2S albumin seed storage proteins from sunflower (Helianthus annuus). J Agric Food Chem. 1996. 44. 1184-1189. DOI: 10.1021/jf950683f
49. Haddadi HP, Samadi BY, Langlade N et al. Genetic control of protein, oil and fatty acids content under partial drought stress and late sowing conditions in sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Afr J Biotechnol. 2010. 9(40). 6768-6782. DOI: 10.5897/AJB10.376
50. Hadidi M, Aghababaei F, McClements DJ. Sunflower meal/cake as a sustainable protein source for global food demand: Towards a zero-hunger world. Food Hydrocoll. 2024. 147. 109329. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.109329
51. Hu J, Seiler G, Kole Ch. Genetics, genomics and breeding of sunflower. New York. USA. 2010. 335 p.
52. Ibrar D, Khan MA, Mahmood T et al. Determination of heterotic groups among sunflower accessions through morphological traits and total seed storage proteins. Int J Agric Biol. 2018. 20. 2025-2031. DOI: 10.17957/IJAB/15.0726
53. Islam E, Ali Y, Imran A et al. Vegetable proteins as encapsulating agents: Recent updates and future perspectives. Food Sci Nutr. 2023. 11(4). 1705-1717. DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3234
54. Ivanova P, Chalova V, Koleva L et al. Amino acid composition and solubility of proteins isolated from sunflower meal produced in Bulgaria. Int Food Res. J. 20(6). 2995-3000.
55. Jayasen AS, Franke B, Rosengren J et al. A tripartite approach identifies the major sunflower seed albumins. Theor Appl Genet. 2016. 129(3). 613-629. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2653-3
56. Joubert FJ. Sunflower seed proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1955. 16. 520-523. DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(55)90272-9
57. Konarev A.V. Use of molecular markers in solving problems of plant genetic resources and breeding Agrarnaya Rossiya = Agrarian Russia. 2006. (6). 4-22. [In Russian]
58. Konarev VG. Seed proteins as genetic markers. M.: Kolos. 319 p. [In Russian]
59. Konarev VG, Chmeleva ZV, Zakharova NS et al. Catalog of the VIR world collection. Sunflower samples with characteristics of protein content in the core, methionine and lysine in protein and oil content of seeds. L. VIR, 1980. Issue 286. 80 p. [In Russian]
60. Konarev VG, Gavrilyuk IP, Gubareva NK et al. Molecular biological aspects of applied botany, genetics and plant breeding. Ed. V.G.Konarev. Series Theoretical basis of breeding. V.1. St.-Petersburg, VIR. 1996b. 228 p. [In Russian]
61. Konarev VG, Gavriljuk IP, Gubareva NK et al. Identification of varieties and registration of the gene pool of cultivated plants based on seed proteins. Konarev V.G. (Ed.). St. Petersburg: VIR; 2000. 186 p. [In Russian]
62. Konarev V.G., Sidorova V.V., Konarev A.V. Molecular biological studies of the gene pool of cultivated plants in VIR (1967-2007). 2nd ed. St. Petersburg: VIR, 2007. 134 p.
63. Kortt AA, Caldwell JB. Sunflower 11S globulin, susceptibility to proteolytic cleavage of the subunits of native helianthinin during isolation: HPLC fractionation of the subunits. 1990. 29. 1389-1396. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(90)80087-W
64. Kortt AA, Caldwell JB. Low molecular weight albumins from sunflower seed: identification of a methionine-rich albumin. Phytochem. 1990. 29(9). 2805-2810. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(90)87080-E
65. Kortt AA, Caldwell JB, Lilley GG et al. Amino acid and cDNA sequences of a methionine–rich 2S protein from sunflower seed (Helianthus annuus). Eur J Biochem. 1991. 95. 329-334. DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15710.x
66. Kutateladze T, Karchkhadze K, Bitskinashvili K et al. Novel PCR-based technology for the detection of sunflower in edible and used cooking oils. Foods. 2024. 13(23). 3760. DOI: 10.3390/foods13233760
67. Laaraj S, Hussain A, Shahid E et al. Nutritional, pharmaceutical, and health benefits of sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus): A comprehensive review of food applications. Food Humanit. 2025. 6. 100641. DOI: 10.1016/j.foohum.2025.100641
68. Laemmli UK. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. 1970. 227(5259). 680-685. DOI: 10.1038/227680a0
69. Li Z, Xiang F, Huang X et a. Properties and characterization of sunflower seeds from different varieties of edible and oil sunflower seeds. 2024. 13. 1188. DOI: 10.3390/ foods13081188
70. Mazkirat SH, Babisekova D, Didorenko S et al. Use of codominant protein and DNA markers in identification of F1 hybrid progenies in soybean. Experimental Biology. 2023. 95(2). 84-94. DOI: 26577/eb.2023.v95.i2.08 [In Russian]
71. Megías C, Pedroche J, Yust MDM et al. Stability of sunflower protein hydrolysates in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids and Caco-2 cell extracts. LWT - Food Sci Technol. 42(9). 1496-1500. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2009.04.008
72. Meng W, Zeng L, Yang X et al. Transcriptome analysis reveals key genes involved in fatty acid and triacylglycerol accumulation in developing sunflower seeds. Genes. 2025. 16(4). 393. DOI: 10.3390/genes16040393
73. Morejón Caraballo S, Fischer SV, Masztalerz K et al. Low moisture texturised protein from sunflower press cake. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2024. 59. 8236-8247. DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.17513
74. Musingo MN, Basha SM, Sanders TH et al. Effect of drought and temperature stress on peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seed composition. J Plant Physiol. 1989. 134(6). 170-175. DOI: 10.1016/S0176-1617(89)80032-X
75. Murru M, Calvo CL. Sunflower protein enrichment. Methods and potential applications. OCL. 2020. 17. DOI: 10.1051/ocl/2020007
76. Mylne JS, Colgrave ML, Daly NL et al. Albumins and their processing machinery are hijacked for cyclic peptides in sunflower. Nat Chem Biol. 7. 257-259. DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.542
77. Nagalakshmi D, Dhanalakshmi K, Himabindu D. Replacement of groundnut cake with sunflower and karanj seed cakes on performance, nutrient utilisation, immune response and carcass characteristics in Nellore lambs. Small Rum Res. 97. 12-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.03.001
78. Nenova N, Drumeva M. Investigation on protein content and amino acid composition in the kernels of some sunflower lines. Helia. 2012. 35(56). 41-46. DOI: 10.2298/HEL1256041N
79. Nesterenko A, Alric I, Violleau F et al. A new way of valorizing biomaterials: the use of sunflower protein for 1 a-tocopherol microencapsulation. Food Res 2013. 53(1). 115-124. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.04.020
80. Nikolić Z, Vujaković M, Jevtić A. Genetic purity of sunflower hybrids determined on the basis of isozymes and seed storage proteins. 2008. 31(48). 47-54. DOI: 10.2298/HEL0848047N
81. Niu R, Gao S, He J et al. From oil crops to nutraceutical powerhouse: multifaceted bioactives and disease-modulating mechanisms of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seeds and sprouts. Food Nutrition. 2025. 1(1). 100016. DOI: 10.1016/j.fnutr.2025.100016
82. Perchuk IN, Konarev AV, Loskutov IG et al. Protein markers, morphological and breeding-oriented characters in duplicate accession identification in the VIR (Russia) and Nordgen (Sweden) cultivated oat collections. Proc App. Bot. Genet. Breed. 2016. 177(3). 82-93. DOI: 10.30901/2227-8834-2016-3-82-93 [In Russian]
83. Petraru A, Ursachi F, Amariei S. Nutritional characteristics assessment of sunflower seeds, oil and cake. Perspective of using sunflower oilcakes as a functional ingredient. Plants. 2021. 10(11). 2487. DOI: 10.3390/plants10112487
84. Pomorova YuYu, Beskorovajnyj DV, Pyatovskij VV et al. Amino-acid composition of seeds of confectionery sunflower varieties bred at the V.S. Pustovoit AllRussian Research Institute of Oil Crops Oil Crops. 2020. 3(183). 12-17. DOI: 10.25230/2412–608Х–2020–4–184–12–17). [In Russian]
85. Prakash V, Rao MS. Physicochemical properties of oilseed proteins/ CRC Crit Rev Biochem. 1986. 20(3). 265-363. DOI: 10.3109/10409238609083736
86. Qi Z, Jin J, Chen H et al. Ultrasound-assisted phosphorylation-modified sunflower meal protein: characterization and evaluation as a polyphenol delivery system. J Food Eng. 2026. 407. 112832. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2025.112832
87. Quiroga I, Regente M, Pagnussat L et al. Phosphorylated 11S globulins in sunflower seeds. Seed Sci Res. 2013. 23(3). 199-204. DOI: 10.1017/S0960258513000160
88. Rahma EH, Rao MSN. Isolation and characterization of the major protein fraction of sunflower seeds. J Agric Food Chem. 1981. 29(3). 518-521. DOI: 10.1021/jf00105a021
89. Raymond J, Mimouni B, Azanza JL. Variability in the 11S globulin fraction of seed storage proteins of Helianthus (Asteraceae). Pl Syst.Evol. 193. 69-79. DOI: 10.1007/BF00983541
90. Raymond J, Inquello V, Azanza JL. The seed proteins of sunflower: comparative studies of cultivars. Phytochem. 1991. 30(9). 2849-2856. DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)98211-6
91. Saakyan AT, Borodin SG. Organoleptic analysis as an instrument of confectionary sunflower product quality increase in process of selection and initial seed growing. Krasnodar: KubGAU, 2019. №152(152) 297-305. Rezhim dostupa: htsm.kubsau.ru/2019/08/25.pdf. [In Russian]
92. Schwenke KD, Pahtz W, Linow KJ et al. On seed proteins. Part II. Purification, chemical composition and some properties of the 11S globulin (helianthinin) in sunflower seed. Nahrung. 1979. 23(3). 241-254.
93. Semenova EV, Vasipov VV, Anisimova IN. Identification of duplicate accessions in the pea (Pisum sativum) collection at VIR. Proc Appl Bot Genet Breed. 2022. 183(1). 147-156. DOI: 10.30901/2227-8834-2022- 1-147-156 [n Russian]
94. Serre M, Feingold S, Salaberry T et al. The genetic map position of the locus encoding the 2S albumin seed storage proteins in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Euphytica. 2001. 121(3). 273-278.
95. Shabani A, Fazilati M. Comparison of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) hybrids by using isozymes and seed storage protein. Biotechnol. 2014. 13. 112-115. DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2014.112.115
96. Sidorova VV, Konarev AV, Kerv YuA. Zein patterns as effective markers of valuable agronomic traits in maize. Proc Appl Bot Genet Breed. 2023. 184(2). 160-175. DOI: 10.30901/2227-8834-2023-2-160-175). [In Russian]
97. Skoric D, Seiler GJ, Liu Zh et al. Sunflower genetics and breeding: international monography. Novi Sad: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Branch (Novi Sad: Graphics), 2012. 520 p.
98. Smith BD. The domestication of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Veg Hist Archaeobot. 2014. 23. 57-74. DOI: 10.1007/s00334-013-0393-3
99. Sossey–Alaoi K, Serieys H, Tersac M et al. Evidence for several genomes in Theor Appl Genet. 1998. 97. 422-430.
100. Specht JE, Chase K, Macrander M et al. Soybean response to water: a QTL analysis of drought tolerance. Crop Sci. 2001. 41. 493-509. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2001.412493x
101. Thoyts PJE, Napier JA, Millichip M et al. Characterization of a sunflower seed albumin which associates with oil bodies. Plant Sci. 1996. 118. 119-125.
102. Vonder Haar RA, Allen RD, Cohen EA et al. Organization of the sunflower 11S storage protein gene family. Gene. 1988. 74(2). 433-443. DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(88)90176-x
103. Wales N, Akman M, Watson RHB et al. Ancient DNA reveals the timing and persistence of organellar genetic bottlenecks over 3,000 years of sunflower domestication and improvement. Evol Appl. 12. 38-53. DOI: 10.1111/eva.12594
104. Wang S, Wang A, Chen R et al. Haplotype-resolved chromosome-level genome of hexaploid Jerusalem artichoke provides insights into its origin, evolution, and inulin metabolism. Plant Commun. 2024. 5(3). 100767. DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100767
105. Zhang M, Wang Q, Cai S et al. Composition, functional properties, health benefits and applications of oilseed proteins: A systematic review. Food Res Int. 2023. 171. 113061. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113061
106. Zheng J, Wen D, Zhao H et al. Acetic acid urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: a rapid method for testing the genetic purity of sunflower seeds. QASCF. 2017. 9(1). 41-46. DOI: 10.3920/QAS2015.0593