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  9. Lactuca sativa L.: cultivation, phytochemical composition, application, breeding, and genetic research

Lactuca sativa L.: cultivation, phytochemical composition, application, breeding, and genetic research

Year: 2026

Pages: 65-95

Number: Volume 18, issue 1

Type: scientific article

DOI: https://doi.org/10.31301/2221-6197.bmcs.2026-5

Topic: Articles

Authors: Berezhneva (Fostiy) Zoya A., Berezin A.A.

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Summary:

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a cold-hardy leafy vegetable belonging to the Cichoreae tribe of the Asteraceae family. This review examines the biology, growing conditions, phytonutrient composition, uses, breeding, genetic research, and genetic transformation of lettuce. This vegetable crop is believed to have been domesticated in the Fertile Crescent, and its most likely ancestor is Lactuca serriola L. (prickly lettuce). Global lettuce production is approximately 28 million tons, with Asia accounting for 50% of the global total, followed by North America with 27% and Europe with 21%. Lettuce is grown in the field or in greenhouses using traditional or organic farming methods. Various hydroponic technologies are gaining popularity, including those using broad-spectrum LED artificial lighting. Lettuce is an important component of a healthy diet, as it is a source of fiber, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, chlorophyll, folate, vitamins C, E, K, beta-carotene, and several minerals. Lettuce is also considered an alternative source of natural rubber, as it produces high-polymer polyisoprene. Genome-wide studies of lettuce are underway, which have identified numerous SSR and SNP markers that can be used in marker-assisted selection. L. sativa is quite easily transformed and has high regenerative capacity, which has facilitated the creation of a number of transgenic and transplastomic lettuce plants. Thus, lettuce is an important component of functional foods, a source of valuable phytonutrients for maintaining health and preparing dietary supplements, and a promising source of high-quality natural rubber.

Keywords:

lettuce, hydroponics, domestication, natural rubber, selection, DNA markers, transgenic plants, transplastomic plants

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