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  9. Lactuca sativa L.: выращивание, фитохимический состав, применение, селекция и генетическая трансформация

Lactuca sativa L.: выращивание, фитохимический состав, применение, селекция и генетическая трансформация

Год: 2026

Страницы: 65-95

Номер: Том 18, № 1

Тип: научная статья

DOI: https://doi.org/10.31301/2221-6197.bmcs.2026-5

Рубрика: Статьи

Авторы: Николаева Екатерина Борисовна, Бережнева (Фостий) Зоя Александровна, Березин Артем Александрович

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Аннотация:

Латук посевной или салат-латук (Lactuca sativa L.) – это холодостойкое листовое овощное растение, принадлежащее к трибе Cichoreae семейства Asteraceae. Данный обзор посвящен рассмотрению биологии, условий выращивания, состава фитонутриентов, применения, селекции, исследований в области генетики и генетической трансформации салата-латука. Считается, что данная овощная культура была одомашнена на территории Плодородного Полумесяца и наиболее вероятным его предком является Lactuca serriola L. – латук компасный. Мировое производство салата-латука составляет около 28 миллионов тонн, причем в Азии производится 50% мирового объема, за ней следуют Северная Америка с 27% и Европа с 21%. Латук посевной выращивается в полевых условиях или теплицах традиционными методами или с применением технологий органического земледелия. Набирают популярность различные гидропонные технологии, в том числе с использованием искусственного освещения светодиодными лампами широкого спектра. Салат-латук – важный компонент здорового питания, так как является источником клетчатки, фенольных соединений, каротиноидов, хлорофилла, фолиевой кислоты, витаминов С, Е, К, бета-каротина, а также ряда минералов. Латук посевной также рассматривается как один из альтернативных источников натурального каучука, так как продуцирует высокополимерный полиизопрен. Проводятся полногеномные исследования салата-латука, в результате которых идентифицировано множество SSR и SNP маркеров, которые можно использовать в маркерной селекции. L. sativa довольно легко трансформируется и характеризуется высокими регенерационными способностями, что способствовало созданию ряда трансгенных и транспластомных растений латука посевного. Таким образом, салат-латук – это важный компонент функционального питания, источник ценных фитонутриентов для поддержания здоровья и приготовления биологически активных добавок, а также перспективный источник высококачественного натурального каучука.

Ключевые слова:

латук посевной, салат-латук, гидропоника, доместикация, натуральный каучук, селекция, ДНК-маркеры, трансгенные растения, транспластомные растения

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