Biomics

Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum, non-selective systemic herbicide for weed control that inhibits a key enzyme, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP), in the shikimate pathway. The most promising and environmentally friendly strategy for removing such herbicides from the environment is microbial degradation. Some bacteria have been shown to be able to convert pesticides into biochemical building blocks required for the Krebs cycle and glycolysis. Such bacteria include Pseudomonas spр., which are well adapted to stressful environmental conditions. Pseudomonas can be used as bioinoculants for soils contaminated with heavy metals, herbicides and other xenobiotics, which represents a biological alternative for increasing the efficiency of bioremediation. The aim of this work was to investigate the ability of the growth-promoting strain Pseudomonas sp. OBA 2.4.1 to use glyphosate as the sole carbon source for its growth. Our study showed that the maximum inhibitory concentration of glyphosate for the studied strain is 10.0 mg/ml in a solid nutrient medium. Analysis of the growth of Pseudomonas sp. OBA 2.4.1 using a liquid mineral Dworkin-Foster medium with different carbon sources showed good growth only in a standard medium with glucose as a carbon source. The growth activity of the strain in the presence of glyphosate in combination with glucose in the nutrient medium decreased almost 2 times. Complete replacement of glucose with glyphosate led to an even more significant decrease in the optical density of the bacterial suspension. Thus, it was shown that Pseudomonas sp. OBA 2.4.1 is practically incapable of using glyphosate as the sole carbon source for its metabolism.

Pseudomonas sp., glyphosate, bioremediation, carbon source, metabolism

1. Aitbali Y., Ba-M’hamed S., Elhidar N., Nafis A., Soraa N., Bennis M. Glyphosate based- herbicide exposure affects gut microbiota, anxiety and depression-like behaviors in mice. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 2018. V. 67. P. 44-49. doi: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.04.002

2. Blot N., Veillat L., Rouz, R., Delatte H. Glyphosate, but not its metabolite AMPA, alters the honeybee gut microbiota. PLoS One. 2019. V. 14(4). e0215466. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215466

3. Bocker T., Mohring N., Finger R. Herbicide free agriculture? A bio-economic modelling application to Swiss wheat production. Agric Syst. 2019. V. 173. Р. 378–392. doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2019.03.001

4. Braga R.R., Santos J.B., Zanuncio J.C., Bibiano C.S., Ferreira E.A., Oliveira M.C., Silva D.V., Serrão J.E. Effect of growing Brachiria brizanta on phytoremediation of picloram under different pH environments. Ecol. Eng. 2016. V. 94. P. 102-106. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.05.050

5. Chubukova O.V., Khakimova L.R., Akimova E.S., Vershinina Z.R. Filogeniya i svojstva novyh shtammov Pseudomonas sp. iz rizosfery bobovyh rastenij Yuzhnogo Urala. Mikrobiologiya. 2022. V. 91(5). P. 537-546. doi: 10.31857/S0026365622100196 [Phylogeny and properties of new strains of Pseudomonas sp. from the rhizosphere of leguminous plants of the Southern Urals] (In Russian)

6. Ghaderitabar H., Mousavi A., Hatef Salmanian A., Hadi F. Novel aroA of Glyphosate-Tolerant Bacterium Pseudomonas sp. Strain HA-09 Isolated from RoundupContaminated Garden Soils in Iran. Iran J Biotechnol. 2020. V. 18(3). e2597. doi: 10.30498/IJB.2020.204133.2597

7. Khakimova L., Chubukova O., Vershinina Z., Maslennikova D. // Effects of Pseudomonas sp. OBA 2.4. 1 on Growth and Tolerance to Cadmium Stress in Pisum sativum L. BioTech. 2023. V. 12. 5. doi: 10.3390/biotech12010005

8. Khakimova L.R., Chubukova O.V., Muryasova A.R., Vershinina Z.R. Vliyaniye shtamma Pseudomonas sp. OBA 2.4.1 na rasteniya gorokha posevnogo (Pisum sativum L.) pri ingibiruyushchem deystvii soley kadmiya. Biomics. 2022. V. 14(2). P. 101-110. doi: 10.31301/2221-6197.bmcs.2022-7 [Effect of Pseudomonas sp. OBA 2.4.1 strain on pea plants (Pisum sativum L.) under the inhibitory action of cadmium salts] (In Russian)

9. Khakimova L.R., Chubukova O.V., Vershinina Z.R. Use of the Pseudomonas sp. OBA 2.4.1 Strain for Presowing Treatment of Pea Seeds (Pisum Sativum L.) in the Presence of Heavy Metals and Glyphosate. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology. 2024. V. 60(4). P. 722-729. doi: 10.1134/S0003683824604414

10. Kittle R.P., McDermid K.J., Muehlstein L., Balazs G.H. Effects of glyphosate herbicide on the gastrointestinal microflora of Hawaiian green turtles (Chelonia mydas) Linnaeus. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2018. V. 127. P. 170-174. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.030

11. Kubsad D., Nilsson E.E., King S.E., SadlerRiggleman I., Beck D., Skinner M.K. Assessment of glyphosate induced epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of pathologies and sperm epimutations: generational toxicology. Sci. Rep. 2019. V. 9(1). 6372. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42860-0

12. Li J., Chen W. J., Zhang W., Zhang Y., Lei Q., Wu S., Huang Y., Mishra S., Bhatt P., Chen S. Effects of free or immobilized bacterium Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila Y4B on glyphosate degradation performance and indigenous microbial community structure. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2022. V. 70(43). Р. 13945-13958. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05612

13. Lorch M., Agaras B., García-Parisi P., Druille M., Omacini M., Valverde C. Repeated annual application of glyphosate reduces the abundance and alters the community structure of soil culturable pseudomonads in a temperate grassland. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2021. V. 319. Р. 107503. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2021.107503

14. Maggi F., la Cecilia D., Tang F.H.M., McBratney A. The global environmental hazard of glyphosate use. Sci. Total Environ. 2020. V. 717. P. 137167. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137167

15. Masotti F., Garavaglia B.S., Piazza A., Burdisso P., Altabe S., Gottig N., Ottado J. Bacterial isolates from Argentine Pampas and their ability to degrade glyphosate. Sci Total Environ. 2021. V. 774. Р. 145761. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145761

16. Mikhailovskaya N.A., Barashenko T.B., Pogirnitskaya T.V., Dyusova S.V. Skrining zonal'nykh izolyatov Pseudomonas sp. po ustoychivosti k glifosatu i yego utilizatsii kak istochnika ugleroda i fosfora. Soil science and agrochemistry. 2022. No 2. P. 35-48. [Screening of zonal isolates of Pseudomonas sp. for resistance to glyphosate and its utilization as a source of carbon and phosphorus] (In Russian)

17. Rabelo J.S., Dos Santos E.A., de Melo E.I., Vaz M. G.M. V., de Oliveira Mendes G. Tolerance of microorganisms to residual herbicides found in eucalyptus plantations. Chemosphere. 2023. V. 329. Р. 138630. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138630

18. Sun Y.C., Chen Y.C., Tian Z.X., Li F.M., Wang X.Y., Zhang J., Xiao Z.L., Lin M., Gilmartin N., Dowling D.N., Wang Y.P. Novel AroA with high tolerance to glyphosate, encoded by a gene of Pseudomonas putida 4G-1 isolated from an extremely polluted environment in China. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005. V. 71(8). Р. 4771-4776. doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.8.4771-4776.2005

19. Tang F.H.M., Lenzen M., McBratney A., Maggi F. Risk of pesticide pollution at the global scale. Nat. Geosci. 2021. V. 14. Р. 206-210. doi: 10.1038/s41561-021-00712-5

20. Thiour-Mauprivez C., Martin-Laurent F., Calvayrac C., Barthelmebs L. Effects of herbicide on non-target microorganisms: towards a new class of biomarkers? Sci. Total Environ. 2019. V. 684. Р. 314-325. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.230

21. Wang L., Deng Q., Hu H., Liu M., Gong Z., Zhang S., Xu-Monette Z.Y., Lu Z., Young K.H., Ma X., Li Y. Glyphosate induces benign monoclonal gammopathy and promotes multiple myeloma progression in mice. J. Hematol. Oncol. 2019. V. 12. № 70. Р. 1-11. doi: 10.1186/s13045-019-0767-9

22. Yu J., Jin B., Ji Q., Wang H. Detoxification and metabolism of glyphosate by a Pseudomonas sp. via biogenic manganese oxidation. J Hazard Mater. 2023. V. 448. 130902. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130902

23. Zhang F., Qiao Z., Yao C., Sun S., Liu W., Wang J. Effects of the novel HPPD-inhibitor herbicide QYM201 on enzyme activity and microorganisms, and its degradation in soil. Ecotoxicology. 2021. V. 30. Р. 80–90. doi: 10.1007/s10646-020-02302-4

24. Zoller O., Rhyn P., Rupp,H., Zarn J. A., Geiser C. Glyphosate residues in Swiss market foods: monitoring and risk evaluation. Food Addit. Contam. Part B. 2018. V. 11(2). P. 83-91. doi: 10.1080/19393210.2017.1419509