Biomics

Brief information is given about the number of horses in the world, including Russia, as well as in the Republic of Bashkortostan, while a certain emphasis is placed on the Bashkir horse breed, which was created by the method of national selection for several centuries. The evolutionary development of methods for detecting horse DNA polymorphism is shown, and parallels are drawn with similar approaches used in forensic research for DNA identification of individuals. Considerable attention is paid to microsatellite repeats, which have been used as markers for the analysis of breeds, populations and individuals for almost three decades and special test-systems based on 17 dinucleotide microsatellite loci have been created for this purpose. At the same time, microsatellites have a number of disadvantages, including a high rate of mutations and extremely poor DNA digitization of the data obtained with their help, which has recently become increasingly important. In addition, microsatellites can only indirectly provide information about the genetic (phenotypic) features of horses due to linkage groups. Information is provided on the EquCab3.0 reference nuclear genome of the horse, including the later sequenced Y-chromosome, as well as on the mitochondrial genome. Special high-performance DNA chips have been created that allow simultaneous analysis of up to two million SNPs from 20 millions already known for horse. It is noted that the methods previously developed for the study of human DNA polymorphism after some time necessarily begin to be applied to other objects, including farm animals. It is noted that it is extremely important to preserve the unique local horse breed, which is the brand of the Republic of Bashkortostan, to determine the complete genome of the Bashkir horse, which must be selected after a thorough high-performance analysis of many SNPs of the Bashkir horse breed, as well as the Yakut and Kazakh horses, with which the Bashkir breed was restored. In addition to the nuclear genome, it is necessary to sequence several mitochondrial genomes of intra-breed types of the Bashkir horse.

horse, equine, Bashkir horse breed, Equus caballus, DNA, genome, mitochondrial genome, microsatellites, single-nucleotide polymorphism, SNP, RAPD-analysis, DNA digitization, genetic barcoding, DNA-cataloguing, breed, breeding

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