Biomics

The absence of a logic comma in the title of this work "To prohibit genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is impossible to resolve!", which is similar to the classic phrase ―To execute impossible to pardon‖ is no coincidence, because we would like readers themselves to put it in the only correct place after reading the entire article. Therefore, we provide convincing evidence that the accusations against GMOs are baseless and almost falsified. We then demonstrate that pleiotropic gene action occurs not only in GM plants, but also in hybrids and varieties created by the radiation or chemical mutagenesis. These approaches cause a huge number of mutations with unpredictable long term effect. Furthermore, we discuss the role of mass media in whipping up hysteria around GM plants. Some statements of lawyers on the problem of GMOs are given. In summary, it is shown that it is principally impossible to detect exact content of various GMO/GMI in agricultural and food products, making such control a profanation, and a waste of money and human resources. A new generation of GMOs represented by plants with edited genomes is a new level in direct improvement of agricultural, ornamental and other crops that will be free of imperfections that were possessed by earlier generations.

GMO, GM plants, GM line, GM varieties, GM crops, GMI, genetically modified ingredient, pleiotropic effect of genes, detection, real-time PCR, genomic editing, CRISPR/Cas technology

1.Addo-Quaye, C., Tuinstra, M., Carraro, N., Weil, C., Dilkes, B. P. Whole-genome sequence accuracy is improved by replication in a population of mutagenized sorghum. G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics. 2018. V. 8. No. 3. P. 1079-1094. doi: 10.1534/g3.117.300301

2.Ahmad N, Rahman MU, Mukhtar Z, Zafar Y, Zhang B. A critical look on CRISPR-based genome editing in plants. J Cell Physiol. 2020. V.235(2). P.666-682. doi: 10.1002/jcp.29052

3.Akeley, R. V., Mills, W. R., Cunningham, C. E., Watts, J. Lenape: a new potato variety high in solids and chipping quality. American Potato Journal. 1968. V. 45. No. 4. P. 142-145. doi: 10.1007/bf02863068

4.Anisimov A. P., Mirina N. V. Aktual'nye problemy obespecheniya prodovol'stvennoj bezopasnosti v Rossii v kontekste global'nyh vyzovov sovremennosti. Agrarnoe i zemel'noe pravo. 2019. No. 9. S. 34-38.

5.Ballari R. V., Martin A. Assessment of DNA degradation induced by thermal and UV radiation processing: Implications for quantification of genetically modified organisms. Food Chemistry. 2013. V. 141. No. 3. С. 2130-2136. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.032

6.Barabanova L.V., Kovtun E.V. Study of the mutagenic effects of genetically modified soybean in Drosophila and mice. Russian Journal of Genetics: Applied Research. 2016. V.6(6). P. 725-729. doi: 10.1134/S2079059716060022

7.Baymiev An.Kh., Kuluev B.R., Vershinina Z.R., Knyazev A.V., Chemeris D.A., Rozhnova N.A., Gerashchenkov G.A., Mikhailova E.V., Baymiev Al.Kh., Chemeris A.V. CRISPR/Cas genome editing (plants) and society. Biomics. 2017. V.9(3). P. 183-202. (In Russian)

8.Bogatyreva N.V. Primenenie genomnyh tekhnologij v rastenievodstve kak ob"ekt administrativnopravovogo regulirovaniya. Materialy mezhvuzovskoj nauchnoj konferencii na baze kafedry administrativnogo i finansovogo prava Yuridicheskogo instituta Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Rossijskij universitet druzhby narodov. 2019. S. 83-90. (In Russian)

9.Bonny S. Genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops, weeds, and herbicides: overview and impact. Environmental Management. 2016. V.57(1). P. 31-48. doi: 10.1007/s00267-015-0589-7

10. Brookes G., Barfoot P. Environmental impacts of genetically modified (GM) crop use 1996-2016: Impacts on pesticide use and carbon emissions. GM Crops Food. 2018. V.9(3). P.109-139. doi: 10.1080/21645698.2018.1476792

11. Burke D.C. There's a long, long trail a-winding: the complexities of GM foods regulation, a cautionary tale from the UK. GM Crops Food. 2012. V.3(1). P.30-39. doi: 10.4161/gmcr.18041

12. Burlakovskiy M.S., Yemelyanov V.V., Lutova L.A. Plant based bioreactors of recombinant cytokines (review). Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology. 2016. V. 52(2). P. 121-137. DOI: 10.1134/S0003683816020034 (In Russian)

13. Callaway E. EU law deals blow to CRISPR crops. Nature. 2018. V. 560. 16. doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-05814-6.

14. Chemeris A.V. CRISPR/Cas Systems (Special thematic issue). Biomics. 2017. V.9(3). P. 148-154. (In Russian)

15. Chemeris A.V., Bikbulatova S.M., Chemeris D.A., Baymiev Al.K., Knyazev A.V., Kuluev B.R., Maksimov I.V. Should beware of the GMOs? On-site observers view on the hysteria around. Biomics. 2014. V.6(2). P.77-138. (In Russian)

16. Chemeris A.V., Chemeris D.A., Baymiev Al.K., Knyazev A.V., Kuluev B.R., Maksimov I.V. The fight against GMO is neolysenkoism. Biomics. 2015. V.7(1). P.1-39. (In Russian)

17. Chemeris A.V., Chemeris D.A., Magdanov E.G., Garafutdinov R.R., Nagaev N.R., Vakhitov V.A. Causes of false-negative PCR and how to avoid some of them. Biomics. 2012. V.4. P.31-47. (In Russian)

18. Chemeris A.V., Magdanov E.G., Garafutdinov R.R., Vakhitov V.A. How to avoid the appearance of false-positive results in a polymerase chain reaction? Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Bulletin of Biotechnology and Physical and Chemical Biology. 2012. V. 8(3). P. 34-45. (In Russian)

19. Chemeris D.A., Kiryanova O.Yu., Gubaydullin I.M., Chemeris A.V. Design of primers for polymerase chain reaction (Brief review of software and databases). Biomics. 2016. V. 8(3). P.215-238. (In Russian)

20. Chemeris D.A., Kiryanova O.Yu., Gerashchenkov G.A., Kuluev B.R., Rozhnova N.A., Matniyazov R.T., Baymiev An.Kh., Baymiev Al.Kh., Gubaidullin I.M., Chemeris A.V. Bioinformatic resources for CRISPR/Cas genome editing. Biomics, 2017. V. 9(3). P. 203-228. (In Russian)

21. Chemeris D.A., Magdanov E.G., Mashkov O.I., Garafutdinov R.R., Chemeris A.V. Hot start or timerelease PCR. Biomics. 2011. V.2(1). P.1-8. (In Russian)

22. Chumakov M.I., Gusev Yu.S., Bogatyreva N.V., Sokolov A.Yu. Risks of pollen-mediated gene low from genetically modified maize during cocultivation with usual maize varieties (review). Sel’skokhozyastvennaya biologiya (Agricultural Biology). 2019. V.54(3). P.426-445. DOI: 10.15389/agrobiology.2019.3.426eng

23. Corcione E. Emergency Measures Against GMOs Between Harmonizing and De-harmonizing Trends: The Case Fidenato et al. European Papers. 2018. V. 3(1). P. 345-356. doi: 10.15166/2499-8249/190

24. Cottenet G., Blancpain C., Chuah P. F. Performance assessment of digital PCR for the quantification of GM-maize and GM-soya events. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2019. V. 411. No. 11. P. 2461-2469. doi.org/10.1007/s00216-019-01692-7

25. Deikin, A. V., Kuznetsova, V. N., Kirikovich, YU. K., Kovalenko, D. V., Soldatov, V. O. GMO regulirovanie: Belorussiya, BRIKS, ES, SSHA. Azimut nauchnyh issledovanij: ekonomika i upravlenie. 2019. T. 8. No.. 4. S. 141-145.

26. Demeke T., Dobnik D. Critical assessment of digital PCR for the detection and quantification of genetically modified organisms. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2018. V. 410. No. 17. P. 4039-4050. doi: 10.1007/s00216-018-1010-1

27. Dobnik, D., Demsar, T., Huber, I., Gerdes, L., Broeders, S., Roosens, N., Debode F., Berben G., Zel, J. Inter-laboratory analysis of selected genetically modified plant reference materials with digital PCR. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2018. V. 410. No. 1. P. 211-221. doi: 10.1007/s00216-017-0711-1

28. Dobnik, D., Spilsberg, B., Bogozalec Kosir, A., Holst-Jensen, A., Zel, J. Multiplex quantification of 12 European Union authorized genetically modified maize lines with droplet digital polymerase chain reaction. Analytical Chemistry. 2015. V. 87. No. 16. P. 8218-8226. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01208

29. Dobrovidova O. Russia joins in global geneediting bonanza. Nature. 2019. V.569(7756). P.319- 320. doi: 10.1038/d41586-019-01519-6

30. Du, Y., Luo, S., Yu, L., Cui, T., Chen, X., Yang, J., Li X., Li W., Wang J., Zhou, L. Strategies for identification of mutations induced by carbon-ion beam irradiation in Arabidopsis thaliana by whole genome re-sequencing. Mutation Research /
Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 2018. V. 807. P. 21-30. doi: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.12.001

31. Eriksson D, Custers R, Edvardsson Björnberg K, Hansson SO, Purnhagen K, Qaim M, Romeis J, Schiemann J, Schleissing S, Tosun J, Visser RGF. Options to reform the European Union legislation on GMOs: Scope and definitions. Trends Biotechnol. 2020. V.38(3). P.231-234. doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.12.002

32. Eriksson D, Custers R, Edvardsson Björnberg K, Hansson SO, Purnhagen K, Qaim M, Romeis J, Schiemann J, Schleissing S, Tosun J, Visser RGF. Options to Reform the European Union Legislation on GMOs: Risk Governance. Trends Biotechnol. 2020a. V.38(4). P.349-351. doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.12.016

33. Feinberg, M., Fernandez, S., Cassard, S., Charles-Delobel, C., Bertheau, Y. Quantitation of 35S promoter in maize DNA extracts from genetically modified organisms using real-time polymerase chain reaction, part 2: interlaboratory study. Journal of AOAC International. 2005. V. 88. No. 2. P. 558-573. doi: 10.1093/jaoac/88.2.558

34. Gagarina, I. N., Gneusheva, I. A., Gor'kova, I. V., Kostromicheva, E. V., Pavlovskaya, N. E., Solohina, I. YU. Antioksidantnaya sistema u geneticheski modificirovannoj soi v processe prorastaniya semyan. Vestnik IrGSKHA. 2018. No. 88. S. 13. (In Russian)

35. Garafutdinov R.R., Baymiev An.Kh., Maleev G.V., Alexeyev Ya.I., Zubov V.V., Chemeris D.A., Kiryanova J.Yu., Gubaydullin I.M., Matniyazov R.T., Sakhabutdinova A.R., Nikonorov Yu.M., Kuluev B.R., Baymiev Al.Kh., Chemeris A.V. Diversity of PCR primers and principles of their design. Biomics. 2019. V.11(1). P. 23–70. DOI: 10.31301/2221-6197.bmcs.2019-04 (In Russian)

36. Garcia, A., Aguado, E., Parra, G., Manzano, S., Martínez, C., Megías, Z., Cebrian G., Romero J., Beltran S., Garrido D., Jamilena, M. Phenomic and genomic characterization of a mutant platform in Cucurbita pepo. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2018. V. 9. P. 1049. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01049

37. Gerashchenkov G.A., Rozhnova N.A., Kuluev B.R., Kiryanova O.Yu., Gumerova G.R., Knyazev A.V., Vershinina Z.R., Mikhailova E.V., Chemeris D.A., Matniyazov R.T., Baimiev An.Kh., Gubaidullin I.M., Baimiev Al.Kh., Chemeris A.V. Design of guide RNA for CRISPR/Cas plant genome editing. Molecular Biology. 2020. V.54(1). P.29-50. DOI: 10.1134/S0026893320010069

38. Gerdes, L., Iwobi, A., Busch, U., Pecoraro, S. Optimization of digital droplet polymerase chain reaction for quantification of genetically modified organisms. Biomolecular Detection and Quantification. 2016. V. 7. P. 9-20. doi: 10.1016/j.bdq.2015.12.003

39. Gimalov F.R., Chemeris A.V., Vakhitov V.A. On Perception of Cold Signal by Plants. Uspekhi Sovremennoi Biologii. 2004. V. 124(2). P. 185-196. (In Russian)

40. Gneusheva I.A., Pavlovskaya N.E., Lushnikov A.V., Solohina I.YU. Vliyanie GMO-soi na funkcional'noe sostoyanie organokompleksa belyh laboratornyh myshej. Veterinariya, zootekhniya i biotekhnologiya. 2019. No. 5. S. 58-66. (In Russian)

41. Gonsalves C., Lee D. R., Gonsalves D. The adoption of genetically modified papaya in Hawaii and its implications for developing countries. Journal of Development Studies. 2007. V.43(1). P.177-191. doi: 10.1080/00220380601055650

42. Goryacheva O. N., Goryacheva S. A. Vliyanie media na otnoshenie naseleniya k GMO. MEDIA Obrazovanie: vektory integracii v cifrovoe prostranstvo. 2019. S. 438-442. (In Russian)

43. Gryson N. Effect of food processing on plant DNA degradation and PCR-based GMO analysis: a review. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2010. V. 396. No. 6. С. 2003-2022. doi: 10.1007/s00216-009-3343-2

44. Gupta, P., Reddaiah, B., Salava, H., Upadhyaya, P., Tyagi, K., Sarma, S., Datta S., Malhotra B., Thomas S., Sunkum A., Devulapalli, S., Till B.J., Sreelakshmi Y., Sharma R. Next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based identification of induced mutations in a doubly mutagenized tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) population. Plant Journal. 2017. V. 92. No. 3. P. 495-508. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13654

45. Hahn F., Nekrasov V. CRISPR/Cas precision: do we need to worry about off-targeting in plants? Plant Cell Rep. 2019. V.38. P. 437-441. doi: 10.1007/s00299-018-2355-9

46. Hightower R, Baden C, Penzes E, Lund P, Dunsmuir P. Expression of antifreeze proteins in transgenic plants. Plant Mol Biol. 1991 Nov;17(5):1013-21. DOI: 10.1007/bf00037141

47. Hussain, M., Iqbal, M. A., Till, B. J., Rahman, M. U. Identification of induced mutations in hexaploid wheat genome using exome capture assay. PloS One. 2018. V. 13. No. 8. P. e0201918. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201918

48. Jorasch P. Will the EU stay out of step with science and the rest of the world on plant breeding innovation? Plant Cell Rep. 2020. V.39(1). P.163-167. doi: 10.1007/s00299-019-02482-2

49. Khlestkina E.K. Rice genome editing using CRISPR/Cas system. Plant Biotechnology and Breeding. 2019. V.2(1). P.49-54. doi: 10.30901/2658-6266-2019-1-49-54 (In Russian)

50. Kodama, T., Kasahara, M., Minegishi, Y., Futo, S., Sawada, C., Watai, M., Akiyama H., Teshima R., Kurosawa Y., Furui S., Hino, A., Kitta K. Qualitative PCR method for Roundup Ready® soybean: Interlaboratory study. Journal of AOAC International. 2011. V. 94. No. 1. P. 224-231. doi: 10.1093/jaoac/94.1.224

51. Kodama, T., Kurosawa, Y., Kitta, K., Naito, S. Tendency for interlaboratory precision in the GMO analysis method based on real-time PCR. Journal of AOAC International. 2010. V. 93. No. 2. P. 734-749. doi: 10.1093/jaoac/93.2.734

52. Korotkova A.M., Gerasimova S.V., Shumny V.K., Khlestkina E.K. Crop genes modified using CRISPR/Cas system. Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 2017. V. 21(2). P. 250–258. doi: 10.18699/VJ17.244

53. Kosir, A. B., Demsar, T., Stebih, D., Zel, J., Milavec, M. Digital PCR as an effective tool for GMO quantification in complex matrices. Food Chemistry. 2019. V. 294. P. 73-78. doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.029

54. Krishtafovich D. V., Krishtafovich V. I. Issledovanie otnosheniya potrebitelej moskovskogo regiona k probleme ispol'zovaniya gennomodificirovannyh organizmov pri proizvodstve pishchevyh produktov. Fundamental'nye i prikladnye issledovaniya kooperativnogo sektora ekonomiki. 2018. No. 1. S. 101-107. (In Russian)

55. Kuluev B.R., Chemeris A.V. Amplification and cloning of dahlia mosaic virus and carnation etched ring virus promoters. Russian Journal of Genetics. 2007. V. 43(12). P. 1413-1414. DOI: 10.1134/S1022795407120113

56. Kuluev B.R., Knyazev A.V., Chemeris A.V. Activity of promoters of carnation etched ring virus and dahlia mosaic virus in tobacco protoplasts and transgenic plants. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 2008. V. 55(5). P. 687-693. DOI: 10.1134/S1021443708050130

57. Kuluev B.R., Gerashchenkov G.A., Rozhnova N.A., Baymiev An.Kh., Vershinina Z.R., Knyazev A.V., Matniyazov R.T., Gumerova G.R., Mikhailova E.V., Nikonorov Yu.M., Chemeris D.A., Baymiev Al.Kh., Chemeris A.V. 2017. CRISPR/Cas editing of plant genomes. Biomics. 2017. V.9(3). P. 155-182. (In Russian)

58. Kuluev B.R., Gumerova G.R., Mikhaylova E.V., Gerashchenkov G.A., Rozhnova N.A., Vershinina Z.R., Khyazev A.V., Matniyazov R.T., Baymiev An.Kh., Baymiev Al.Kh., Chemeris A.V. Delivery of CRISPR/Cas components into higher plant cells for genome editing. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 2019. V. 66(5). P. 694–706. doi: 0.1134/S102144371905011X

59. Kuluev B.R., Kiryanova O.Yu., Gerashchenkov G.A., Rozhnova N.A., Gumerova G.R., Vershinina Z.R., Matniyazov R.T., Akhmetzyanova L.U., Knyazev A.V., Mikhaylova, E.V., Garafutdinov R.R., Baymiev An.Kh., Gubaydullin I.M., Baymiev Al.Kh., Chemeris A.V. Some novelties in CRISPR/Cas genome editing and related areas. Biomics. 2019a. V. 11(3). P. 315-343. DOI: 10.31301/2221-6197.bmcs.2019-27 (In Russian)

60. Kuluev B.R., Knyazev A.V., Lebedev Y.P., Iljassowa A.A., Chemeris A.V. Construction of hybrid promoters of caulimoviruses and analysis of their activity in transgenic plants. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 2010. V.57(4). P. 582-589. DOI: 10.1134/S1021443710040187

61. Kurup V.M., Thomas J. Edible vaccines: Promises and challenges. Mol. Biotechnol. 2020. V.62(2). P.79-90. doi: 10.1007/s12033-019-00222-1

62. Lamichhane, J. R., Devos, Y., Beckie, H. J., Owen, M. D., Tillie, P., Messéan, A., Kudsk, P. Integrated weed management systems with herbicidetolerant crops in the European Union: lessons learnt from home and abroad. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 2017. V. 37(4). P. 459-475. doi: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1180588

63. Lee, M. S., Anderson, E. K., Stojsin, D., McPherson, M. A., Baltazar, B., Horak, M. J., Fuente J.M., Wu K., Crowly J.H., Rayburn A.L., Lee, D. Assessment of the potential for gene flow from transgenic maize (Zea mays L.) to eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides L.). Transgenic Research. 2017. V. 26. No. 4. P. 501-514. doi: 10.1007/s11248-017-0020-7

64. Lievens, A., Bellocchi, G., De Bernardi, D., Moens, W., Savini, C., Mazzara, M., Van den Eede G., Van den Bulcke, M. Use of pJANUS™-02-001 as a calibrator plasmid for Roundup Ready soybean event GTS-40-3-2 detection: an interlaboratory trial assessment. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2010. V. 396. No. 6. P. 2165-2173. doi: 10.1007/s00216-009-3346-z

65. Macarthur R., Feinberg M., Bertheau Y. Construction of measurement uncertainty profiles for quantitative analysis of genetically modified organisms based on interlaboratory validation data. Journal of AOAC International. 2010. V. 93. No. 3. P. 1046-1056. doi: 10.1093/jaoac/93.3.1046

66. Macarthur R, Murray AW, Allnutt TR, Deppe C, Hird HJ, Kerins GM, Blackburn J, Brown J, Stones R, Hugo S. Model for tuning GMO detection in seed and grain. Nat Biotechnol. 2007 Feb;25(2):169-70. DOI: 10.1038/nbt0207-169

67. Magdanov E.G., Chemeris D.A., Chemeris A.V. State-of-art instrumentation for quantitative and digital PCR. Biomics. 2011. V. 1(1). P. 15-60. (In Russian)

68. Manghwar H, Lindsey K, Zhang X, Jin S. CRISPR/Cas System: Recent Advances and Future Prospects for Genome Editing. Trends Plant Sci. 2019. V.24(12). P.1102-1125. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.09.006

69. Maslakova A.A. Geneticheski modificirovannye organizmy. Za i protiv. Vavilovskie chtenija. «Nasledie N.I.Vavilova v sovremennoj nauke». Materialy nacional'noj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii, posvjashhennoj dejatel'nosti N.I.Vavilova. Novosib. gos. agrar. un-t. Novosibirsk, 2019. S.56-60. [Genetically modified organism. The pros and cons] (In Russian)

70. Matveeva T.V. Naturally transgenic plants as a model for the study of the delayed environmental risks of GMO cultivation. Russian Journal of Genetics: Applied Research. 2016. V.6(6). P.698-704. doi: 10.1134/S2079059716060046

71. Matveeva T. V., Bogomaz D. I., Pavlova O. A., Nester E. W., Lutova L. A. Horizontal gene transfer from genus Agrobacterium to the plant Linaria in nature. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 2012. V. 25. P. 1542-1551. DOI: 10.1094/MPMI-07-12-0169-R

72. Matveeva T. V., Lutova L. A. Horizontal gene transfer from Agrobacterium to plants. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2014. V. 5: 326. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00326

73. Matveeva T.V., Otten L. Widespread occurrence of natural genetic transformation of plants by Agrobacterium. Plant Molecular Biology. 2019. V. 101. No. 4-5. P. 415-437. doi: 10.1007/s11103-019-00913-y

74. Matyashova G.N., Bashkirova I.G., Batygin A.S. Geneticheski modificirovannyj rastitel'nyj material,
prednaznachennyj dlya vypuska v okruzhayushchuyu sredu na territorii rossijskoj federacii: issledovanie i kontrol'. Karantin rastenij. Nauka i praktika. 2018. No. 1 (23). S. 34-38. (In Russian)

75. Mercer K, Martínez-Vásquez Á, Perales HR. Asymmetrical local adaptation of maize landraces along an altitudinal gradient. Evol Appl. 2008. V.1(3). P.489-500. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00038.x

76. Metje-Sprink J., Sprink T., Hartung F. Genomeedited plants in the field. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 2020. V. 61. P. 1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.08.007

77. Miglani G. Genome editing in crop improvement: Present scenario and future prospects. Journal of Crop Improvement. 2017. V. 31(4). P.453-559. DOI: 10.1080/15427528.2017.1333192

78. Mikhaylova E. V., Kuluev B. R., Khaziakhmetov R. M. Assessment of the propensity for hybridization between genetically modified oilseed rape and its nontransgenic relatives. Russian Journal of Genetics: Applied Research. 2016. V. 6. N. 6. P. 684-697. doi:10.1134/S2079059716060058

79. Miroshnichenko D.N., Shulga O.A., Timerbaev V.R., Dolgov S.V. Generation of Non-transgenic Genome-edited Plants: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects. Biotechnology. 2019. V.35(1). P. 3-26. DOI: 10.21519/0234-2758-2019-35-1-3-26 (In Russian)

80. Morisset, D., Stebih, D., Milavec, M., Gruden, K., Zel, J. Quantitative analysis of food and feed samples with droplet digital PCR. PloS One. 2013. V. 8. No. 5. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062583

81. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2016. 606 P. DOI: 10.17226/23395

82. Ossowski S., Schneeberger K., Lucas-Lledó J.I., Warthmann N., Clark R.M., Shaw R.G., Weigel D., Lynch M. The rate and molecular spectrum of spontaneous mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana. Science. 2010. V. 327. P. 92‒94. DOI: 10.1126/science.1180677

83. Panchin A. Summa biotehnologii. Rukovodstvo po bor'be s mifami o geneticheskoj modifikacii rastenij, zhivotnyh i ljudej. M.: 2016. Izd-vo «AST». 432 S. [The Amount of biotechnology. A guide to fighting myths about genetic modification of plants, animals, and people] (In Russian)

84. Panchin A. Y., Tuzhikov A. I. Published GMO studies find no evidence of harm when corrected for multiple comparisons. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 2017. V. 37. No. 2. P. 213-217. doi: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1130684

85. Paoletti, C., Donatelli, M., Kay, S., Van den Eede, G. Simulating kernel lot sampling: the effect of heterogeneity on the detection of GMO contaminations. Seed Science and Technology. 2003. V. 31. No. 3. P. 629-638. doi: 10.15258/sst.2003.31.3.12

86. Pechenkina A.A. GMO: What is it, Application and Prospects // Collected papers of XXIV International Scientific-Practical conference «Advances in Science and Technology». Part I. Moscow. Research and Publishing Center «Actualnosts.RF». 2019. P.48-49. (In Russian)

87. Petushkova Yu.A. Politicheskie predposylki formirovaniya normativnoj pravovoj bazy v sfere gennoj inzhenerii v Rossii i za rubezhom. Vestnik Biotekhnologii i fiziko-himicheskoj biologii im. Yu,A.Ovchinnikova. 2016. V. 12. No. 4. S. 82-90. (In Russian)

88. Podevin N., Devos Y., Davies H.V., Nielsen K.M. Transgenic or not? No simple answer! New biotechnology-based plant breeding techniques and the regulatory landscape. EMBO Rep. 2012. V.13. P.1057-1061. doi: 10.1038/embor.2012.168

89. Popova O. V. Eticheskie podhody k normativnomu regulirovaniyu ispol'zovaniya geneticheski modificirovannyh organizmov: evropejskij opyt. Mezhdunarodnoe pravo. 2019. No. 1. S. 28-36. (In Russian)

90. Purnhagen KP, Kok E, Kleter G, Schebesta H, Visser RGF, Wesseler J. EU court casts new plant breeding techniques into regulatory limbo. Nat Biotechnol. 2018. V.36(9). P.799-800. doi: 10.1038/nbt.4251

91. Purnhagen KP, Kok E, Kleter G, Schebesta H, Visser RGF, Wesseler J. The European Union Court's Advocate General's Opinion and new plant breeding techniques. Nat. Biotechnol. 2018a. V.36(7). P.573- 575. doi: 10.1038/nbt.4174

92. Riet-Correa F, Rivero R, Odriozola E, Adrien Mde L, Medeiros RM, Schild AL. Mycotoxicoses of ruminants and horses. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2013. V.25(6). P.692-708. doi: 10.1177/1040638713504572

93. Ruffell D. The EU Court of Justice extends the GMO Directive to gene-edited organisms. FEBS Lett. 2018. V.592(22). P.3653-3657. doi: 10.1002/1873-3468.13293

94. Rybicki E.P. Plant-made vaccines for humans and animals. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2010. V.8(5). P.620-637. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00507.x

95. Samojlov A.V., Samojlova E.A. Issledovanie prodovol'stvennogo rynka Moskvy i Moskovskoj oblasti na prisutstvie produktov s GMO. Sinergija nauk. 2018. No. 28. [Research of the food market of Moscow and the Moscow region on the presence of products with GMOs] (In Russian) http://synergyjournal.ru/archive/article3162

96. Samsonova A. A. Psevdonauka na televidenii: problema demonizacii GMO. Aktual'nye problemy ekrannyh i interaktivnyh media. 2019. S. 252-260. (In Russian)

97. Satheesh V, Zhang H, Wang X, Lei M. Precise editing of plant genomes - Prospects and challenges. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2019. V.96. P.115-123. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.04.010

98. Saveleva N.V., Burlakovskiy M.S., Yemelyanov V.V., Lutova L.A. Transgenic plants as bioreactors to produce substances for medical and veterinary uses. Russ. J. Genet.: Appl. Res. 2016. V.6(6). P.712-724. doi: 10.1134/S2079059716060071

99. Schindele A, Dorn A, Puchta H. CRISPR/Cas brings plant biology and breeding into the fast lane. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2019. V.61. P.7-14. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.08.006

100. Schulman AH, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Teeri TH. European Court of Justice delivers no justice to Europe on genome-edited crops. Plant Biotechnol J. 2020. V.18(1). P.8-10. doi: 10.1111/pbi.13200

101. Shirasawa K., Hirakawa H., Nunome T., Tabata S., Isobe S. Genome-wide survey of artificial mutations induced by ethyl methanesulfonate and gamma rays in tomato // Plant Biotechnol J. 2016. V.14. P.51-60. doi: 10.1111/pbi.12348.

102. Sidhu G., Mohan A., Zheng P., Dhaliwal A.K., Main D., Gill K.S. Sequencing-based high throughput mutation detection in bread wheat // BMC Genomics. 2015. 16:962. DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2112-1

103. Sohrab S.S., Suhail M., Kamal M.A., Husen A., Azhar E.I. Recent development and future prospects of plant-based vaccines. Curr. Drug Metab. 2017. V.18(9). P.831-841. doi: 10.2174/1389200218666170711121810

104. Sokolov A. Yu., Bogatyreva N. V. Administrativno-pravovoe regulirovanie primeneniya genomnyh tekhnologij v sel'skom hozyajstve Ispanii. Gumanitarnye i yuridicheskie issledovaniya. 2019. No. 3. (In Russian)

105. Sokolov A.YU., Bogatyreva N.V. Zapret na vyrashchivanie transgennyh rastenij kak sderzhivayushchij faktor proizvodstva s"edobnyh vakcin. Pravo i sovremennye tekhnologii v medicine Otv. red. A.A.Mohov, O.V.Sushkova. Moskva, 2019a. S. 273-277. (In Russian)

106. Stokstad E. After 20 years, golden rice nears approval. Science. 2019. V.366(6468). P.934. doi: 10.1126/science.366.6468.93

107. Takabatake, R., Onishi, M., Koiwa, T., Futo, S., Minegishi, Y., Akiyama, H., Teshima R., Kurashima T., Mano J., Furui S., Kitta, K. Development and interlaboratory validation of quantitative polymerase chain reaction method for screening analysis of genetically modified soybeans. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2013. V. 36. No. 1. P. 131-134. doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b12-00766

108. Tan S.C., Yiap B.C. DNA, RNA, and protein extraction: the past and the present. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2009. 2009:574398. doi: 10.1155/2009/574398

109. Tang X., Liu G., Zhou J., Ren Q., You Q., Tian L., Xin X., Zhong Z., Liu B., Zheng X., Zhang D., Malzahn A., Gong Z., Qi Y., Zhang T., Zhang Y. A large-scale whole-genome sequencing analysis reveals highly specific genome editing by both Cas9 and Cpf1 (Cas12a) nucleases in rice. Genome Biol. 2018. V.19. 84. doi: 10.1186/s13059-018-1458-5

110. Thatcher S.A. DNA/RNA preparation for molecular detection. Clin. Chem. 2015. V.61(1). P.89-99. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2014.221374

111. Tikhonova N.G., Khlestkina E.K. Genetic editing for improvement of fruit and small fruit crops. Horticulture and viticulture. 2019. No. 4. P.10-15. DOI: 10.31676/0235-2591-2019-4-10-15 (In Russian)

112. Tropina D.V., Malova A.R. Sovershenstvovanie pravovogo regulirovaniya v oblasti gennoj inzhenerii i biotekhnologii v celyah obespecheniya biologicheskoj bezopasnosti Rossijskoj Federacii. Pravo i praktika. 2019. No. 2. S. 278-283. (In Russian)

113. Tsuda M, Watanabe KN, Ohsawa R. Regulatory Status of Genome-Edited Organisms Under the Japanese Cartagena Act. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2019. V.7:387. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00387

114. Tutelyan V.A., Gapparov M.G., Avren'eva  L.I., Guseva G.V., Zhminchenko V.M., Kravchenko L.V., Pashorina V.A., Saprykin V.P., Selyaskin K.E.,Tyshko N.V. Mediko-biologicheskaya ocenka bezopasnosti genno-inzhenerno-modificirovannoj soi linii MON 89788 soobshchenie 1. Toksikologogigienicheskie issledovaniya. Voprosy pitaniya. 2010. V. 79. No. 3. S. 4-12. (In Russian)

115. Tyshko, N.V., Zhminchenko, V.M., Pashorina, V.A., Saprykin, V.P., Selyaskin, K.E., Utembaeva, N.T., Tutelyan, V.A. Ocenka vliyaniya GMO rastitel'nogo proiskhozhdeniya na razvitie potomstva krys. Gigiena i sanitariya. 2011. No. 6. S. 73-77. (In Russian)

116. Urnov F., Ronald P.C., Carroll D. A call for science-based review of the European court's decision on gene-edited crops. Nat. Biotechnol. 2018, V. 36. P. 800-802. doi: 10.1038/nbt.4252

117. Vershinina Z.R., Kuluev B.R., Gerashchenkov G.A., Knyazev A.V., Chemeris D.A., Gumerova G.R., Baymiev Al.Kh., Chemeris A.V. Evolution of methods for genome editing. Biomics. 2017. V.9(3). P. 245-270. (In Russian)

118. Waltz E. With a free pass, CRISPR-edited plants reach market in record time. Nat. Biotechnol. 2018. V. 36. P. 6-7. doi: 10.1038/nbt0118-6b.

119. Weighardt F. European GMO labeling thresholds impractical and unscientific. Nature Biotechnology. 2006. V.24. P.23-25. DOI: 10.1038/nbt0106-23b

120. Weighardt F. GMO quantification in processed food and feed. Nat. Biotechnol. 2007. V.25. P.1213- 1214. DOI: 10.1038/nbt1107-1213c

121. Wolt J.D., Wang K., Sashital D., Lawrence-Dill C.J. Achieving plant CRISPR targeting that limits off-target effects. Plant Genome. 2016. V. 9. DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2016.05.0047

122. Wong N., Liu W., Wang X. WU-CRISPR: characteristics of functional guide RNAs for the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Genome Biol. 2015. V. 16: 218. DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0784-0

123. Wu Y, Li J, Li X, Zhai S, Gao H, Li Y, Zhang X, Wu G. Development and strategy of reference materials for the DNA-based detection of genetically modified organisms. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2019. V.411(9). P.1729-1744. doi: 10.1007/s00216-019-01576-w

124. Yamamura K., Mano J., Shibaike H. Optimal definition of the limit of detection (LOD) in detecting genetically modified grains from heterogeneous grain lots. Quality Technology & Quantitative Management. 2019. V. 16. No. 1. P. 36-53. doi: 10.1080/16843703.2017.1347992

125. Zakirova, G.SH., Papunidi, K.H., Kadikov, I.R., Semyonov, E.I. Vliyanie racionov s soderzhaniem geneticheski modificirovannoj soi na organizm zhivotnyh. Veterinarnyj vrach. 2019. No. 2. (In Russian)

126. Zhu, P., Wang, C., Huang, K., Luo, Y., Xu, W. A novel pretreatment-free duplex chamber digital PCR detection system for the absolute quantitation of GMO samples. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016. V. 17. No. 3. P. 402. doi: 10.3390/ijms17030402

127. Zimny T, Sowa S, Tyczewska A, Twardowski T. Certain new plant breeding techniques and their marketability in the context of EU GMO legislation - recent developments. N. Biotechnol. 2019. V.51. P.49-56. doi: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.02.003