Biomics

This review examines the existing and proposed genetic systems of Hymenoptera, as well as shows how the sex-determining cascade in particular species works and functions. Most Hymenoptera are haplodiploid organisms – females have a diploid set of chromosomes, and males have a haploid one. However, the sex-determining mechanisms within this order vary considerably, not only in families, but even within the same genus. A common feature for these mechanisms is the presence of a hierarchical sex-determining cascade of genes, where the products of some genes regulate the sex-specific splicing of others. Expression is regulated both by alternative splicing and positive autoregulatory loops.

sex determination; haplodiploidy; Hymenoptera; complementary sex determiner; feminizer; transformer; doublesex

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