Biomics

It has long been established that plants respond to pathogen attacks with a transient burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS). So, ROS play a central role in plant immune responses. The pro- and antioxidant status of plants is controlled by phytohormones. One of these agents is ethylene. Ethylene acts differently under biotic stress depending on the type of pathogen and plant species. Previously, we have shown the negative role of ethylene in the defense response of wheat plants against Stagonospora nodorum Berk. The aim of this work was the investigation of ethylene role in regulation of ROS generation in leaves of bread spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) of cultivars contrast in the resistance to the pathogen, as well as the study of influence of ethylene and ROS on the growth of the pathogen. Histochemical analysis of superoxide radical (O2 • ˉ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) showed that the treatment of plants with ethephone (a chemical precursor of ethylene) led to decrease of the accumulation of O2 • ˉ and almost complete inhibition of H2O2 generation at the sites of pathogen penetration and the decrease of content of H2O2 in the infected leaves. It promoted intensive proliferation of fungal infections hyphae and large plant damage. It was showed that low concentrations of ROS were inducers of morphogenesis of fungi and enhanced growth and development of the fungus. When plants were treated by ethephone, suppression of ROS generation was most likely due to decreased activity of oxalate oxidase, reduced expression of genes TaRbohD and TaRbohF encoding isozymes of NADPH-oxidase, and increased activity of catalase during infection. The inhibition of ethylene by 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) resulted in the opposite outcome. Intensive local generation of O2 • ˉ and H2O2 and high total content of H2O2 in the infected leaves treated with 1-MCP led to inhibition of the growth of the pathogen mycelium. The process was due to the activation of prooxidant enzymes. At the same time, peroxidases performed various functions at different stages of the infection process. Thus, the ethylene signaling pathway negatively affected the ROS generation in wheat plants infected with S. nodorum at the biotrophic stage of pathogen development. As a result of the ethylene influence on the enzymes of the pro- and antioxidant system, O2 • ˉ content was reduced, and H2O2 generation was suppressed. Thereby ethylene provided appropriate conditions for the development of the pathogen in the wheat tissues.

Stagonospora nodorum Berk.; reactive oxygen species; ethylene; pro- and antioxidant system

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