Biomics

“Hot start PCR” was first mentioned for using high temperature at first step of PCR. Later a “Time-release PCR” came to life, emphasizing temporary exclusion of some components from a reaction, which leads to delay in start of amplicon generation and higher specificity of reaction. In this article, these techniques are being observed in chronological order.

PCR, hot start PCR, time-release PCR, DNA polymerase, primers, dNTPs, magnesium ions

1. Игнатов К.Б., Мирошников А.И., Крамаров В.М. Новый подход к увеличению специфичности ПЦР // Биоорган. химия. Т.29. С.403-407.
2. Кабоев О.К., Шевелев И.В., Лучкина Л.А., Третьяков А.Н., Щербакова О.Г. Горячий старт полимеразной цепной реакции при помощи ДНК-геликаз // Биоорган. химия. 1999. Т.25. С.398-400.
3. Ailenberg M., Silverman M. Controlled hot start and improved specificity in carrying out PCR utilizing touch-up and loop incorporated primers (TULIPS) // Biotechniques. 2000. V.29. P.1018-1020, 1022-1024.
4. Ankenbauer W., Heindl D., Laue F. PCR hot start by magnesium sequestration // US Patent No 8026058, Sep. 27, 2011.
5. Ashrafi E.H., Paul N. Improved PCR specificity with Hot Start PCR primers // Biotechniques. 2009. V.47. P.789-790.
6. Barnes W.M., Rowlyk K.R. Magnesium precipitate hot start method for PCR // Mol. Cell. Probes. 2002. V.16. P.167-171.
7. Bassam B.J., Caetano-Anolles G. Automated "hot start" PCR using mineral oil and paraffin wax // Biotechniques. 1993. V.14. P.30-34.
8. Birch D.E., Kolmodin L., Wong J., Zangenberg G.A., Zoccoli M.A. Simplified hot start PCR // Nature. 1996. V.381. P.445-446.
9. Birch D.E., Laird W.J., Zoccoli M.A. Nucleic acid amplification using a reversibly inactivated thermostable enzyme // US Patent No 5773258, Jun. 30, 1998.
10. Chou Q., Russell M., Birch D.E., Raymond J., Bloch W. Prevention of pre-PCR mis-priming and primer dimerization improves low-copy-number amplifications // Nucl. Acids Res. 1992. V.11. P.1717-1723.
11. Colaco C., Sen S., Thangavelu M., Pinder S., Roser B. Extraordinary stability of enzymes dried in trehalose: simplified molecular biology // Biotechnology (NY). 1992. V.10. P.1007-1011.
12. Cooke H. Inexpensive wax for PCR protocols // Trends Genet. 1992. V.8. P.301.
13. Dang C., Jayasena S.D. Oligonucleotide inhibitors of Taq DNA polymerase facilitate detection of low copy number targets by PCR // J. Mol. Biol. 1996. V.264. P.268-278.
14. D'Aquila R.T., Bechtel L.J., Videler J.A., Eron J.J., Gorczyca P., Kaplan J.C. Maximizing sensitivity and specificity of PCR by preamplification heating // Nucl. Acids Res. 1991. V.19. P.3749.
15. Gold L., Jayasena S.D. Nucleic acid ligand inhibitors to DNA polymerases // US Patent No 5763173, Jun. 9, 1998.
16. Faloona F.S., Weiss S., Ferre F., Mullis K. // 1990. 6^th Conf. AIDS. San Francisco, CA, USA (abstract No 1019) цит. по Birch et al., 1996.
17. Hebert B., Bergeron J., Potworowski E.F., Tijssen P. Increased PCR sensitivity by using paraffin wax as a reaction mix overlay // Mol. Cell. Probes. 1993. V.7. P.249-252.
18. Horton R.M., Hoppe B.L., Conti-Tronconi B.M. AmpliGrease: "hot start" PCR using petroleum jelly // Biotechniques. 1994. V.16. P.42-43.
19. Kaboev O.K., Luchkina L.A., Tret'iakov A.N., Bahrmand A.R. PCR hot start using primers with the structure of molecular beacons (hairpin-like structure) // Nucl. Acids Res. 2000. V.28. E94.
20. Kaijalainen S., Karhunen P.J., Lalu K., Lindstrom K. An alternative hot start technique for PCR in small volumes using beads of wax-embedded reaction components dried in trehalose // Nucl. Acids Res. 1993. V.21. P.2959-2960.
21. Kainz P., Schmiedlechner A., Strack H.B. Specificity-enhanced hot-start PCR: addition of double-stranded DNA fragments adapted to the annealing temperature // Biotechniques. 2000. V.28. P.278-282.
22. Kebelmann-Betzing C., Seeger K., Dragon S., Schmitt G., Moricke A., Schild T.A., Henze G., Beyermann B. Advantages of a new Taq DNA polymerase in multiplex PCR and time-release PCR // Biotechniques. 1998. V.24. P.154-158.
23. Kellogg DE, Rybalkin I, Chen S, Mukhamedova N, Vlasik T, Siebert PD, Chenchik A. TaqStart Antibody: "hot start" PCR facilitated by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody directed against Taq DNA polymerase // Biotechniques. 1994. V.16. P.1134-1137.
24. Kermekchiev M.B., Tzekov A., Barnes W.M. Cold-sensitive mutants of Taq DNA polymerase provide a hot start for PCR // Nucl. Acids Res. 2003. V.31. P.6139-6147.
25. Kong D., Shen H., Huang Y., Mi H. PCR hot-start using duplex primers // Biotechnol. Lett. 2004. V.26. P.277-280.
26. Kosak K.M., Kosak M.K. Preparation of wax beads containing a reagent for release by heating // US Patent No 5413924, May. 9, 1995.
27. Koukhareva I., Haoqiang H., Yee J., Shum J., Paul N., Hogrefe R.I., Lebedev A.V. Heat activatable 3'-modified dNTPs: synthesis and application for hot start PCR // Nucl. Acids Symp. Ser. (Oxf). 2008. V.52. P.259-260.
28. Koukhareva I., Lebedev A. 3'-Protected 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphates as a tool for heat-triggered activation of polymerase chain reaction // Anal. Chem. 2009. V.81. P.4955-4962.
29. Le T., Ashrafi H.E., Paul N. Enhancing multiplex PCR efficiency using Hot Start dNTPs // Biotechniques. 2009. V.47. P.972-973.
30. Le T., Paul N. Improved PCR flexibility with Hot Start dNTPs // Biotechniques. 2009. V.47. P.789-790.
31. Lebedev A.V., Paul N., Yee J., Timoshchuk V.A., Shum J., Miyagi K., Kellum J., Hogrefe R.I., Zon G. Hot start PCR with heat-activatable primers: a novel approach for improved PCR performance // Nucl. Acids Res. 2008. V.36. e131.
32. Li M., Lin Y.C., Wu C.C., Liu H.S. Enhancing the efficiency of a PCR using gold nanoparticles // Nucl. Acids Res. 2005. V.33. e184. Erratum in: Nucl. Acids Res. 2006. V.34. P.396.
33. Lin Y., Jayasena S.D. Inhibition of multiple thermostable DNA polymerases by a heterodimeric aptamer // J. Mol. Biol. 1997. V.271. P.100-111.
34. Louwrier A. Reversible inactivation enzymes // US Patent No 6479264, Nov. 12, 2002.
35. Mi L., Wen Y., Pan D., Wang Y., Fan C., Hu J. Modulation of DNA polymerases with gold nanoparticles and their applications in hot-start PCR // Small. 2009. V.5. P.2597-2600.
36. Mi L.J., Zhu H.P., Zhang X.D., Hu J., Fan C.H. Mechanism of the interaction between Au nanoparticles and polymerase in nanoparticle PCR // Chinese Sci. Bull. 2007. V.52. P. 2345-2349.
37. Mizuguchi H., Nakatsuji M., Fujiwara S., Takagi M., Imanaka T. Characterization and application to hot start PCR of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against KOD DNA polymerase // J. Biochem. 1999. V.126. P.762-768.
38. Moretti T., Koons B., Budowle B. Enhancement of PCR amplification yield and specificity using AmpliTaq Gold DNA polymerase // Biotechniques. 1998. V.25. P.716-722.
39. Mullis K.B. The Polymerase Chain Reaction in an Anemic Mode: How to Avoid Cold Oligodeoxyribonuclear Fusion // PCR Meth. Appl. 1991. V.1, P.1-4.
40. Mullis K.B., Faloona F.A. Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction // Methods Enzymol. 1987. V.155. P.335-350.
41. Nilsson J., Bosnes M., Larsen F., Nygren P.A., Uhlen M., Lundeberg J. Heat-mediated activation of affinity-immobilized Taq DNA polymerase // Biotechniques. 1997. V.22. P744-751.
42. Nuovo G.J., Gallery F., Hom R., MacConnell P., Bloch W. Importance of different variables for enhancing in situ detection of PCR-amplified DNA // PCR Methods Appl. 1993. V.2. P.305-312.
43. Riol H., Levesque G., Murthy M.R. A method of using heavy mineral oil for performing “hot start” amplification of rare nucleic acids // Anal. Biochem. 1994. V.221. P.210-212.
44. Sharkey D.J., Scalice E.R., Christy K.G. Jr., Atwood S.M., Daiss J.L. Antibodies as thermolabile switches: high temperature triggering for the polymerase chain reaction // Biotechnology (NY). 1994. V.12. P.506-509.
45. Sparkman D.R. Paraffin wax as a vapor barrier for the PCR // PCR Meth. Appl. 1992. V.2, P.180-181.
46. Wainwright L.A., Seifert H.S. Paraffin beads can replace mineral oil as an evaporation barrier in PCR // Biotechniques. 1993. V.14. P.34-36.
47. Young D.D., Edwards W.F., Lusic H., Lively M.O., Deiters A. Light-triggered polymerase chain reaction // Chem. Commun. 2008. P.462-464.
48. Zimmermann K., Mannhalter J.W. Comparable sensitivity and specificity of nested PCR and single-stage PCR using a thermally activated DNA polymerase // Biotechniques. 1998. V.24. P.222-224.