Biomics

This paper was aimed at the impact of drought and high temperatures on the main stages of plant development, yield, grain protein content (GPC) and its composition as well as content of phenolic compounds (PC) and anthocyanins (AC), and antioxidant activity (AOA) of grain of two purple-grained lines (163 and 193) and drought-resistant white-grained cultivar (cv.) Khazine of soft spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in growing seasons of 2015-2018 years. It has been shown that the impact of drought and high temperatures on the wheat yield is complex and depends on genotype resistance, on the strength/duration of stress factor action, and on the stage of plant reproductive development. The periods of sensitivity were booting, heading, flowering, and milky ripening. In 2018, prolonged exposure to high temperatures and drought, from the stage of booting to the milky ripening stage, led to a decrease in the yield of all genotypes, and also contributed to an increase in the Kjeldahl protein content and the fraction of non-extractable proteins in the grain. In 2016, drought during the reproductive period and high temperatures at the stage of milk ripening turned out to be more favorable for the formation of the yield compared to the weather conditions in 2018, they contributed to an increase in the fraction of non-extractable proteins in Khazine grain, but a decrease in the content of non-extractable proteins in the grain of purple wheat lines. A decrease in the weight of 1000 grains under drought conditions was observed only for line 163. It was shown that purple wheat lines did not differ significantly from the cv. Khazine in the total PC content, but they had a higher AOA, probably due to presence of ACs. Drought caused a decreased PC and AC content in the grain of line 163, but an increased PC and AC content in line 193, which correlated with decreasing or increasing of AOA. It was shown that purple lines have different resistance to drought, which, can be explained by the ability to activate biosynthesis of PC and, particularly, ACs with high AOA in response to impact of stressors.

Triticum aestivum, purple-grained wheat, drought, high temperatures, yield, proteins, phenolics, anthocyanins, antioxidant activity

1. Vasilova N. Z., Askhadullin D-l.F., Askhadullin Dr.F., Bagavieva E.Z., Tazutdinova M.R., Khusainova I.I. Dostizhenija selekcii jarovoj mjagkoj pshenicy v Tatarstane. Legumes and Groat Crops. 2019. Vol. 30(2). P. 124–131. DOI: 10.24411/2309-348X-2019-11102 [Achieving the Breeding of Spring Soft Wheat in Tatarstan] (In Russian).

2. Polonskiy V. I., Loskutov I. G., Sumina A. V. Selekcija na soderzhanie antioksidantov v zerne kak perspektivnoe napravlenie dlja poluchenija produktov zdorovogo pitanija. Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Selection. 2018. Vol. 22(3). P. 343–352. DOI: 10.18699/VJ18.370 [Breeding for antioxidant content in grain as a promising trend in obtaining healthy food products] (In Russian). 

3. Abdel-Aal E.-S.M., Hucl P., Shipp J., Rabalski I. Compositional differences in anthocyanins from blue- and purple-grained spring wheat grown in four environments in central Saskatchewan. Cereal Chemistry Journal. 2016. V. 93(1). P. 32–38.

4. Balla K., Rakszegi, M., Li, Z., Békés, F., Bencze, S., Veisz, O. Quality of winter wheat in relation to heat and drought shock after anthesis. Czech J. Food Sci. 2011. V. 29(2). P. 117–128. doi: 10.17221/227/2010-CJFS

5. Barnabás B., Jäger K., Fehér A. The effect of drought and heat stress on reproductive processes in cereals. Plant Cell Environ. 2008. V. 31(1). P. 11-38. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01727.x 

6. Beta T., Qiu Y., Liu Q., Borgen A. Extracts from purple wheat (Triticum spp.) and their antioxidant effects. In: Nuts and seeds in health and disease prevention / ed. Preedy V.R., Watson R.R., Patel V.B. London, Burlington, San Diego: Elsevier, 2011. P. 959–966. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-375688-6.10113-6

7. Brand-Williams W., Cuvelier M.-E., Berset C. Use of free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT Food Sci Technol. 1995. V. 28(1). P. 25–30. doi: 10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5

8. Dupont F. M., Altenbach S. B. Molecular and biochemical impacts of environmental factors on wheat grain development and protein synthesis. Journal of Cereal Science. 2003. V. 38(2). P. 133–146. doi: 10.1016/S0733-5210(03)00030-4

9. Fardet A. New hypotheses for the health-protective mechanisms of whole-grain cereals: what is beyond fibre? Nutr. Res. Rev. 2010. V. 23(1). P. 65–134. doi: 10.1017/S0954422410000041

10. Fernandez-Orozco R., Li L., Harflett C., Shewry P.R., Ward J.L. Effects of environment and genotype on phenolic acids in wheat in the HEALTHGRAIN diversity screen. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010. V. 58(17). P. 9341–9352. doi: 10.1021/jf102017s

11. Folin O., Ciocalteu V. On tyrosine and tryptophane determinations in proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1927. V. 73(2). P. 627–650. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)84277-6

12. Gu A., Hao P., Lv D., Zhen S., Bian Y., Ma C., Xu Y., Zhang W., Yan Y. Integrated proteome analysis of the wheat embryo and endosperm reveals central metabolic changes involved in the water deficit response during grain development. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2015. V. 63(38). P. 8478–8487. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00575

13. Heimler D., Vignolini P., Isolani L., Arfaioli P., Ghiselli L., Romani A. Polyphenol content of modern and old varieties of Triticum aestivum L. and T. durum Desf. grains in two years of production. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010. V. 58(12). P. 7329–7334. doi: 10.1021/jf1010534

14. Hosseinian F. S., Li W., Beta T. Measurement of anthocyanins and other phytochemicals in purple wheat. Food Chemistry. 2008. V. 109(4). P. 916–924. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.12.083

15. Kaur V., Behl R. Grain yield in wheat as affected by short periods of high temperature, drought and their interaction during pre- and post-anthesis stages. Cereal Research Communications. 2010. V. 38(4). P. 514–520. doi: 10.1556/CRC.38.2010.4.8

16. Kim K., Tsao R., Yang R., Cui S. Phenolic acid profiles and antioxidant activities of wheat bran extracts and the effect of hydrolysis conditions. Food Chemistry. 2006. V. 95(3). P. 466–473. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.01.032

17. Kim S., Hwang G., Lee S., Zhu J.-Y., Paik I., Nguyen T.T., Kim J., Oh E. High ambient temperature represses anthocyanin biosynthesis through degradation of HY5. Front. Plant Sci. 2017. V. 8. P. 1787-1798. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01787

18. Kino R.I., Pellny T.K., Mitchell R.A.C., GonzalezUriarte A., Tosi P. High post-anthesis temperature effects on bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain transcriptome during early grain-filling. BMC Plant Biol. 2020. V. 20(1). P. 170-186. doi: 10.1186/s12870-020-02375-7

19. Kumar R., Singh V., Pawar S.K., Singh P.K., Kaur A., Sharma D. Abiotic stress and wheat grain quality: A comprehensive review. In: Wheat production in changing environments / ed. Hasanuzzaman M., Nahar K., Hossain Md. A. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. P. 63–87. doi: 0.1007/978-981-13-6883-7_3

20. Lachman J., Martinek P., Kotíková Z., Orsák M., Šulc M. Genetics and chemistry of pigments in wheat grain – A review. Journal of Cereal Science. 2017. V. 74. P. 145–154. doi: 10.1016/j.jcs.2017.02.007

21. Li X., Lü, X., Wang X., Peng Q., Zhang M., Ren M. Biotic and abiotic stress-responsive genes are stimulated to resist drought stress in purple wheat. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2020. V. 19(1). P. 33–50. doi: 10.1016/S2095-3119(19)62659-6

22. Li X., Lv X., Wang X., Wang L., Zhang M., Ren M. Effects of abiotic stress on anthocyanin accumulation and grain weight in purple wheat. Crop Pasture Sci. 2018a. V. 69(12). P. 1208–1214. doi: 10.1071/CP18341

23. Li X., Qian X., Lǚ X., Wang X., Ji N., Zhang M.,  Ren M. Upregulated structural and regulatory genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis for coloration of purple grains during the middle and late grain-filling stages. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2018b. V. 130. P. 235–247. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.07.011

24. Liu Q., Qiu Y., Beta T. Comparison of antioxidant activities of different colored wheat grains and analysis of phenolic compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010. V. 58(16). P. 9235–9241. doi: 10.1021/jf101700s

25. Lowry O.H., Rosebrough N.J., Farr A.L., Randall R.J. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 1951. V. 193(1). P. 265–275. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6