Biomics

Growing of wheat plants (Triticum durum Desf., cv. Bashkirskaya 27) in the presence of 100 мМ NaCl was accompanied by inhibition of their growth, decline in stomatal conductance and transpiration and increase in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) suggesting oxidative stress. These negative consequences could be decreased by introduction into plant rhizosphere of auxin producing bacteria Pseudomonas mandelii IB-Ki14 or cytokinins producing bacteria Bacillus subtilis IB‑22. Meanwhile the elevation of transpiration by inoculation demanded an increase in water flow from the roots. In the case of auxin producing bacteria salvation of the problem of maintenance of water flow from the roots was achieved due to a decline in leaf water potential enabling an increase in the driving force for the lifting water from the roots as well as due to an increase in root mass as influenced by inoculation. In the plants treated with cytokinins producing bacteria optimization of water balance was due to increased hydraulic conductance alongside with the increased root mass resulting in higher effectiveness of growth stimulating effect on plants produced by these bacteria. Furthermore, the presence of cytokinin producing bacteria protected plants against oxidative stress caused by salinity as suggested by lowered levels of MDA.

salinity, PGPR, phytohormones, oxidative stress, wheat, Triticum durum

1. Arkhipova T.N., Melentiev A.I., Martynenko E.V., Kudoyarova G.R., Veselov S.U. Ability of bacterium Bacillus subtilis to produce cytokinins and to influence the growth and endogenous hormone content of lettuce plants. Plant and Soil. 2005. V. 272(1–2). P. 201–209. doi: 10.1007/s11104-004-5047-x.
2. Arkhipova T. N., Veselov S. Yu., Melent’ev A. I., Martynenko E. V., Kudoyarova G. R. Comparison of effects of bacterial strains differing in their ability to synthesize cytokinins on growth and cytokinin content in wheat plants. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 2006. V. 53(4), P. 507–513.
3. Arkhipova T.N., Prinsen E., Veselov S.U., Martinenko E.V., Melentiev A.I., Kudoyarova G.R. Cytokinin producing bacteria enhance plant growth in drying soil. Plant Soil. 2007. V. 292. P. 305–315. doi: 10.1007/s11104-007-9233-5.
4. Bunce J.A., Ziska L.H. Decreased hydraulic conductance in plants at elevated carbon dioxide. Plant Cell Environ. 1998. V. 21. P. 121–126.
5. Davenport R., James R.A., Zakrisson-Plogander A., Tester M., Munns R. Control of sodium transport in durum wheat. Plant Physiol. 2005. V. 137(3). P. 807-818. doi: 10.1104/pp.104.057307
6. Flowers T.J., Munns R., Colmer T.D. Sodium chloride toxicity and the cellular basis of salt tolerance in halophytes. Annals of Botany. 2015. V. 115. P. 419–431. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcu217
7. King E.O., Ward M.K., Raney D.E. Two simple media for the demonstration of pyocyanin and J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1954. V. 44. P. 301–307.
8. KudoyarovaR., Alexander I. Melentiev A.I., Martynenko E.V., Arkhipova T.N., Galina V. Shendel G.V., Kuz'mina L.Yu., Dodd I.C., Veselov S.Yu. Cytokinin producing bacteria stimulate amino acid deposition by wheat roots. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2014. V. 83. P. 285–291. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.08.015
9. Kudoyarova G.R., Vysotskaya L.B., Arkhipova T.N., Kuzmina L.Yu, Galimsyanova N.F., Sidorova L.V., Gabbasova I.M., Melentiev A.I., Veselov S.Yu. Effect of auxin producing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on mobility of soil phosphorus, growth rate, and P acquisition by wheat plants. Acta Physiol Plant. 2017. V. 39. P. 253. doi 10.17221/617/2017-PSE
10. Kuz'mina L.YU., Vysockaya L.B., Galimzyanova N.F., Gil'vanova E.V., Ryabova A.S., Melent'ev A.I. Novye shtammy fosfatmobilizuyushchih bakterij, produciruyushchih auksin, perspektivnye dlya sel'skohozyajstvennoj biotekhnologii. Izvestiya UNC RAN. 2015. №1. S. 40-46.
11. Kuz'mina L.YU., Arhipova T.N., Aktuganov G.E., Galimzyanova N.F., CHetverikov S.P., Melent'ev A.I. Bakterii rodov Advenella, Bacillus i Pseudomonas – perspektivnaya osnova biopreparatov dlya rastenievodstva. Biomika. 2018. T. 10(1). S. 16-19. doi: 31301/2221-6197.bmcs.2018-47
12. Malyy praktikum po fiziologii rasteniy / A.T. Mokronosov (red.). M.: MGU. 1994. 184 s.
13. Marulanda A., Azcón R., Chaumont F., Ruiz-Lozano J. M., Aroca R. Regulation of plasma membrane aquaporins by inoculation with a Bacillus megaterium strain in maize (Zea mays) plants under unstressed and salt-stressed conditions. Planta. 2010. V. 232. P. 533–543. doi: 10.1007/s00425-010- 1196-8
14. Paul D., Lade H. Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria to improve crop growth in saline soils: a review. Sustain. Dev. 2014. V. 34. P. 737–752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0233-6
15. Salomon M.V., Bottini R., de Souza Filho G.A., Cohen A.C., Moreno D., Gil M. Bacteria isolated from roots and rhizosphere of Vitis vinifera retard water losses, induce abscisic acid accumulation and synthesis of defense-related terpenes in in vitro cultured grapevine. Plant. 2014. V. 151. P. 359–374. doi: 10.1111/ppl.12117
16. Sharma P., Jha A.B., Dubey R.S., Pessarakli M. Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defense mechanism in plants under stressful conditions. Journal of Botany. 2012. Article ID 217037, 26 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/217037
17. Shulaev V., Oliver D.J. Metabolic and proteomic markers for oxidative stress. New tools for reactive oxygen species research. Plant Physiol. 2006. V. 141. P. 367-72. doi:  1104/pp.106.077925
18. Veselov D.S., Markova I.V., Kudoyarova G.R. Reakciya rastenij na zasolenie i formirovanie soleustojchivosti. Uspekhi sovremennoj biologii. 2007. № 5. S. 482-493.
19. Volkov V., Wang B., Dominy P.J., Fricke W., Amtmann A. Thellungiella halophila, a salt-tolerant relative of Arabidopsis thaliana, possesses effective mechanisms to discriminate between potassium and sodium. Plant, Cell and Environment. V. 27. P. 1–14.  https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0016-8025.2003.01116.x
20. Zhang H., Xie X., Kim M. S., Kornyeyev D. A., Holaday S., Paré P.W. Soil bacteria augment Arabidopsis photosynthesis by decreasing glucose sensing and abscisic acid levels in planta. Plant J. V. 56. P. 264–273. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03593.x
21. Zhang H., Irving L.J., McGill C., Matthew C., Zhou D., Kemp P. The effects of salinity and osmotic stress on barley germination rate: sodium as an osmotic regulator. Ann Bot. 2010 Dec; 106(6). P. 1027–1035. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcq204