Biomics

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a broad group of compounds containing two or more condensed benzene rings in the molecule and are some of the most widespread and dangerous environmental pollutants. PAHs are formed by abiogenic and anthropogenic processes, among which human activity associated with the incomplete combustion of organic raw materials (oil, coal, peat, wood, garbage, tobacco, etc.) makes the most significant contribution. PAHs can be degraded by members of almost all kingdoms of living organisms: bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. The different chemical structures of PAHs and the variety of organisms interacting with these pollutants determine the multiplicity of metabolic pathways and intermediates formed during their biodegradation. Bacteria metabolize PAHs mostly with oxygenases. Various byproducts form that can be further transformed to water and carbon dioxide by the enzyme systems of both the same organism and other members of the biocenosis, including fungi and plants. Fungi (e.g., ascomycetes and basidiomycetes) degrade PAHs with cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases and/or laccases and peroxidases. These are enzymes of the ligninolytic complex that degrade lignin. PAHs are implicated in lignin degradation; in this case, fungi form quinones at the early stages of oxidation and are capable of complete mineralization of PAHs. Plants also have a pool of extracellular enzymes exuded into the rhizosphere. First, these are peroxidases (enzymes of stress protection), which can oxidize both native PAHs (in the presence of mediators) and PAH intermediates from bacterial and fungal decomposition. There is evidence that plants can also assimilate the carbon of the PAH molecules. The above processes were shown by us in the study of the metabolism of phenanthrene by the rhizosphere bacterium Ensifer meliloti P221 (IBPPM 383), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), and the fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and Fusarium oxysporum. Studies of the degradation potential of microorganisms and plants are necessary not only for understanding natural processes but also for improving the phytoremediation technology.

biodegradation, enzymes, bacteria, plants, fungi, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

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