Biomics

The honeybee Apis mellifera L. is the only species of social insect that is bred everywhere by man. Besides the honeybee, there are bee species such as, the wax bee Apis cerana, the small Indian bee Apis florea, the giant Indian bee Apis dorsata, inhabiting Southeast Asia. The close related species of A. cerana and A. mellifera diverged allopatrically from 500,000 to 1.3 million years ago, and during this time they were not contacted, resulting in a stable reproductive isolation. Thus, the genomes of these species are reliably protected, but the threat of competitive displacement of A. cerana exists. At the last 100 years, honeybee A. mellifera is actively imported to Asia and gradually displaces A. cerana and A. florea. Regardless of each other, A. cerana and A. mellifera species were formed subspecies as a result of habitat in a wide range of conditions. We have presented the main hypotheses of the expansion of A. mellifera and the origin of subspecies. Despite the fact that A. mellifera is more competitive than A. cerana, this honeybee species is subject to the threat of loss of biodiversity of the gene pool and adaptation to environmental conditions as a result of intraspecific hybridization.

honeybee, Apis mellifera, Apis cerana, subspecies, gene pool, SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism, hybridization, evolution.

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