Biomics

In the early twentieth century then-known species of wheat only on the basis of morphological differences were divided into three groups: Einkorn, Emmer and Spelta. Later, this division was confirmed, as it became clear that these groups differ in their level of ploidy. So, einkorn is diploid, emmer is tetraploid, and spelta - hexaploid with chromosome numbers of 14 (2n=2x), 28 (2n=4x) and 42 (2n=6x), respectively. It turned out that polyploid species are allopolyploids, and their formation involved the types of the genera Triticum and Aegilops submitted, at least 12 individual diploid genomes, but in the evolution of polyploid wheat Nature for their creation was used no more than 6 genomes and only 3 of them that form the hexaploid bread and tetraploid macaroni wheat, is currently "feed" humanity. And what types of wheat and aegilops become donors of these subgenomes are not clear. The importance of determining the true donors of wheat subgenomes is that this knowledge will give a new stimulus to more conscious experiments to create new polyploid wheat with improved economic-useful features, because in order to purposefully try to create a new polyploid form with the best properties, it is imperative to know what actually the genomes of diploid species of wheat-aegilops alliance unites by Nature in tetraploid and hexaploid wheat in both turgidum-aestivum and timopheevii series. Modern methods of molecular biology, technologies including whole genome sequencing of the new generations, enable a new level to explore the relationship of genomes and subgenomes of wheat and aegilops that allows to speculate on the donation of subgenomes with more confidence. Determination of the nucleotide sequences of the complete genomes of T.aestivum, T.uratu and Ae.tauschii, as well as plastomes of several species of wheat and aegilops and chondriome of bread wheat is an extremely important milestones in the study of wheat-aegilops alliance and shed new light on the phylogenetic relationships of these cereals. The cited literature covers more than three hundred years period.

wheat, aegilops, genone, subgenome, DNA, sequencing, NGS, donor, evolution, phylogeny, Triticum, Aegilops

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