Biomics

The history of acquaintance of Europeans to latex of some trees of the New World, and also questions of origin and development of the caoutchouc production are covered in the review since XVIII century up to now. The attention to the confusion taking place in the description of the first rubber-bearing plants is paid. The contribution of a number of scientists and inventors to studying of rubber and its advance as the major raw materials for many groups of industrial goods is noted. Briefly the chemical structure of rubber and a way of biosynthesis in plants are considered. The attention in this review is paid to the description of a big variety of rubber-bearing plants, from which, besides Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Muell.-Arg., as industrial rubber-bearing plants can be considered a guayule Parthenium argentatum Gray, the kok-saghyz Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin. Prospects for commercial use and the krym-saghyz or a autumn dandelion Taraxacum hybernum Steven are noted. It is raised the question of allergenicity of separate rubbers. In spite of the fact that production of synthetic rubber continues to increase, demand for natural rubber every year considerably grows. Synthetic rubber in general concedes on quality natural, and the last is irreplaceable by production of the tires experiencing the raised strain. Therefore modern rubber industry more and more needs natural rubber which is generally made from a Hevea. Almost world monopolists on production of natural rubber from a Hevea are some countries of Southeast Asia and Africa. In this regard there is a danger of increase of the world prices for natural rubber in view of the numerous reasons, for example mass death of Hevea plantations a which her natural pathogen can cause. This fungus-ascomycete Microcyclus ulei entered in the U.N. list of the biological weapon. In this connection the researches directed on possibility of cultivation of rubber-bearing plants in the territory of Russia in modern conditions taking into account the USSR and the USA experience which is saved up in the 1930-1940 years are presented very actual, and also relying on achievements of biotechnological science of the present time. Interest of Europe in cultivation in the countries of the European Union guayule and the kok-saghyz for what the special Consortium EU-PEARLS was created is noted. In general, the studied literature covers nearly 500 years period and includes the first scientific publication on caoutchouc of 1751 of writing, and also the modern works performed with use of molecular and biological methods. The most sign events connected with rubber in a chronological order, the list of the plants rubber-bearing plants which are characterized by rather high content of rubber, and also the main manufacturing countries of natural rubber are given in three Appendices to this article.

caoutchouc, natural rubber, latex, vulcanization, rubber, Hevea, guayule, kok-saghyz, krym-saghyz, isoprene, polyisopren, import-substitution

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