Biomics

Протеазы вовлечены в важнейшие процессы, протекающие в живых организмах. В регуляции их активности участвуют белковые ингибиторы протеаз (ИП). ИП являются важным элементом иммунной системы растений и представляют интерес для медицины как средство подавления нежелательной активности протеаз. На основе природных ИП методами биотехнологии создаются формы с заданными свойствами. Уникальный циклический ингибитор трипсина (ИТ) из семян видов рода Helianthus L. (подсолнечник) - SFTI-1 найден в результате скрининга коллекции Всероссийского института генетических ресурсов растений им. Н.И. Вавилова (ВИР). Он отличается малым размером (1513 Да), простотой структуры и относительной легкостью ее модификации, чрезвычайно высокой стабильностью, способностью проникать через мембраны клеток и т.п. В мире опубликованы сотни работ по SFTI-1, посвященных конструированию его новых форм, специфичных к протеазам человека и микроорганизмов, вовлеченным в патологические процессы. Производные SFTI-1 могут быть использованы и для защиты растений от вредителей и болезней. Остается до конца невыясненным вопрос о происхождении SFTI-1, практически сходного по структуре с ингибиторной петлей ингибитора Bowman-Birk (BBI) из сои, но замкнутого в кольцо. Остальные участки молекулы, характерные для BBI, у него отсутствуют. SFTI-1 синтезируется в единой полипептидной цепи вместе с одним из 2S альбуминов и найден только у подсолнечника и представителей ближайших родов. Сходные с SFTI-1 низкомолекулярные ИТ (HV-BBI) обнаружены в коже амфибий. Преобладает мнение о конвергентном независимом происхождении BBI, HV-BBI и SFTI-1. Единственная пока гипотеза о происхождении SFTI-1 состоит в том, что десятки миллионов лет назад в гене запасного 2S альбумина между участками, кодирующими сигнальный пептид и малую субъединицу белка, возникла дополнительная последовательность, кодирующая небольшой пептид, который в ходе эволюции превратился в SFTI-1. То есть по этой гипотезе мощный и высокоспециализированный ИТ сформировался у подсолнечника за относительно короткое время благодаря преобразованию практически случайной нуклеотидной последовательности. В обзоре рассматриваются и другие возможные варианты возникновения SFTI-1. Анализ баз данных выявил гомологию последовательностей ДНК, кодирующих SFTI-1 и HV-BBI с фрагментами последовательностей ИП семейства Казаля. Последние широко распространены как у животных, так и у оомицетов и растений, в т.ч., паразитических, что позволяет предположить связь генов данных ингибиторов с происхождением SFTI-1.

подсолнечник, протеаза, 2S альбумин, ингибитор трипсина, SFTI-1, ингибитор Баумана-Бирк, BBI, ингибитор Казаля.

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