eISSN: 2221-6197 DOI: 10.31301/2221-6197

Энхансеры ПЦР. V. Наноматериалы или наноПЦР

Год: 2025

Страницы: 193-205

Номер: Том 17, № 2

Тип: научная статья

Аннотация:

Несмотря на кажущуюся простоту ПЦР с двумя праймерами, экспериментаторы нередко сталкиваются с тем, что даже хорошо подобранные праймеры не обеспечивают получение желаемого результата. Это может происходить в силу множества причин. Одной из них является амплификация так называемых «трудных» матриц, к которым относятся ДНК-мишени с высоким GC-составом, обусловливающим образование прочных вторичных структур, которые ДНК-полимераза не всегда способна преодолеть, а также чрезмерно протяженные ДНК-мишени, с которых ДНК-полимераза не способна синтезировать ампликоны в случае ее низкой процессивности. Помимо перечисленных, иногда имеет место ингибирование ДНК-полимеразы из-за присутствующих в реакционной смеси веществ, обычно вносимых вместе с анализируемым препаратом ДНК, мешающих полноценной работе фермента. Для преодоления этих трудностей в реакционную смесь добавляют дополнительные компоненты, или ПЦР-энхансеры. Таковыми могут выступать различные наноматериалы и нанокомпозитные субстанции, использование которых привело к появлению так называемой наноПЦР. Наиболее популярными добавками служат наночастицы золота, в том числе покрытые различными соединениями, меняющими их поверхностный заряд. Довольно широкое применение в наноПЦР находят наночастицы некоторых других металлов, их оксидов и сульфидов. Также используются материалы на основе углерода: графен, оксид графена, восстановленный оксид графена, алмазные наночастицы, углеродные нанотрубки, углеродный нанопорошок. Были попытки применения и фуллерена, но он лишь ингибировал реакцию. Помимо этих наноструктурированных соединений нередко применяются квантовые точки разного диаметра и состава. Механизмы действия разных наноматериалов в наноПЦР отличаются, но можно выделить ключевые: сорбция на поверхности наночастиц ДНК, праймеров и ДНК-полимеразы, а также увеличение теплопроводности раствора. При этом лишь незначительное превышение оптимальных концентраций таких энхансеров способно приводить к ингибированию амплификации.

Ключевые слова:

ПЦР, наноПЦР, энхансер, наноматериалы

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eISSN: 2221-6197 DOI: 10.31301/2221-6197