Бетакоронавирусы человека и их высокочувствительная детекция с помощью ПЦР и прочих методов амплификации
24.04.2020
Авторы:
Название:
Бетакоронавирусы человека и их высокочувствительная детекция с помощью ПЦР и прочих методов амплификации
Страницы:
121-179
Данный обзор посвящен преимущественно бетакоронавирусу SARS-CoV-2, вызвавшему в начале 2020 г. пандемию в виде опасной высококонтагиозной коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19 и рассмотренному вместе с близкими к нему вирусами SARS-CoV и MERS-CoV. Кратко приведена таксономия 2020 г. пандемию в виде опасной высококонтагиозной коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19 и рассмотренному бетакоронавирусов и их геномная организация, включая важную информацию о наличии у коронавирусов ExoN экзорибонуклеазы, ответственной за точность репликации. Даны сведения о секвенировании полных геномов коронавирусов SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 и о геномах некоторых бетакоронавирусов из дикой природы, свидетельствующие о зоонозном происхождении коронавирусных инфекций у человека. Показана высокая консервативность нуклеотидных последовательностей различных штаммов и изолятов SARS-CoV-2 независимо от места их выделения. Продемонстрировано биоразнообразие бетакоронавирусов и возникновение в природе у рукокрылых новых генотипов путем рекомбинации, включая образование самого вируса SARS-CoV-2. Значительное внимание уделено детекции бетакоронавирусов SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV и SARS-CoV-2 с помощью обратно-транскрипционной ПЦР и прочих методов амплификации, в том числе приведена информация о существующих и разрабатываемых коммерческих наборах для диагностики COVID-19. Затронут вопрос о нахождении SARS-CoV-2 в окружающей среде, включая сточные воды, которые могут служить источником дополнительной информации о распространении этой инфекции, в том числе среди бессимптомных носителей. Рассмотрены некоторые нетривиальные вакцины против бетакоронавирусов и перспективы их применения. Сделан вывод о недостаточном внимании, уделявшемся в последние годы инфектологии, и необходимости быть в полной готовности к возможным будущим инфекциям, включая ведение постоянного мониторинга и разработку отечественного современного высокотехнологичного оборудования и диагностических тест-систем, а также производство расходных материалов.
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