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Бетакоронавирусы человека и их высокочувствительная детекция с помощью ПЦР и прочих методов амплификации

Год: 2020

Страницы: 121-179

Номер: Том 12, № 1

DOI: https://doi.org/10.31301/2221-6197.bmcs.2020-7

Рубрика: Статьи

Авторы: Гарафутдинов Равиль Ринатович, Мавзютов Айрат Радикович, Максимов Игорь Владимирович, Алексеев Яков Игоревич, Воробьев Александр Анатольевич, Никоноров Юрий Михайлович, Чубукова (Филатова) Ольга Вячеславовна, Матниязов Рустам Тахирович, Кулуев Булат Разяпович, Чемерис Алексей Викторович, Баймиев Алексей Ханифович, Баймиев Андрей Ханифович

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Аннотация:

Данный обзор посвящен преимущественно бетакоронавирусу SARS-CoV-2, вызвавшему в начале 2020 г. пандемию в виде опасной высококонтагиозной коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19 и рассмотренному вместе с близкими к нему вирусами SARS-CoV и MERS-CoV. Кратко приведена таксономия 2020 г. пандемию в виде опасной высококонтагиозной коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19 и  рассмотренному бетакоронавирусов и их геномная организация, включая важную информацию о наличии у коронавирусов ExoN экзорибонуклеазы, ответственной за точность репликации. Даны сведения о секвенировании полных геномов коронавирусов SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 и о геномах некоторых бетакоронавирусов из дикой природы, свидетельствующие о зоонозном происхождении коронавирусных инфекций у человека. Показана высокая консервативность нуклеотидных последовательностей различных штаммов и изолятов SARS-CoV-2 независимо от места их выделения. Продемонстрировано биоразнообразие бетакоронавирусов и возникновение в природе у рукокрылых новых генотипов путем рекомбинации, включая образование самого вируса SARS-CoV-2. Значительное внимание уделено детекции бетакоронавирусов SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV и SARS-CoV-2 с помощью обратно-транскрипционной ПЦР и прочих методов амплификации, в том числе приведена информация о существующих и разрабатываемых коммерческих наборах для диагностики COVID-19. Затронут вопрос о нахождении SARS-CoV-2 в окружающей среде, включая сточные воды, которые могут служить источником дополнительной информации о распространении этой инфекции, в том числе среди бессимптомных носителей. Рассмотрены некоторые нетривиальные вакцины против бетакоронавирусов и перспективы их применения. Сделан вывод о недостаточном внимании, уделявшемся в последние годы инфектологии, и необходимости быть в полной готовности к возможным будущим инфекциям, включая ведение постоянного мониторинга и разработку отечественного современного высокотехнологичного оборудования и диагностических тест-систем, а также производство расходных материалов.

Ключевые слова:

бетакоронавирус, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, геном, РНК, секвенирование, нуклеокапсидный белок, COVID-19, диагностика, ПЦР в реальном времени, петлевая амплификация, ДНК- вакцина

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